Public Enemy's Can't truss it Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Enemy's Can't truss it - Research Paper Example Chuck D. one of the Public Enemy in an interview with Melody Maker in the year 1991 gave an insight to the song meaning or rather what their song was addressing by saying, the song was about how the corporate world of today had perfected the demoralizing act of slavery. In addition, he talked on how they cannot control what they create in the music industry and because of the presence of the media, they can neither control on how they run their lives or their state of mind-what they are thinking. Furthermore, that the various circumstances that they do not have power over force them to limit their working and restricts them from having ownership on any property or business. Consequently, there will be lack of jobs while the greater forces he identified as the white people had jobs because they owned businesses. He goes on to explain how the white people have put in place various institutions that that provides lessons on how to live in America when the blacks did not have any institu tions to teach them. He argues that the only institution that the blacks could turn to is their families but that too could not help as they were subjected to slavery. Chuck D finally remarked that the song was about the ongoing cost of the black holocaust which people choose to ignore while the others such as the Jewish holocaust was being addressed (Lemelle, p38). By the use of the term holocaust Chuck D referred to the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of the blacks who tried to stand up and make a change by denying them their rights. This has changed ever since through the years as an increasing number of rappers have taken control of their marketing and business opportunities. They have grown so opportunistic that by mentioning a product on their lyrics they would be paid. A good example is Jay-Z on his 2000 track â€Å"give it to me† where he gives a rap placement to Motorola, using a line in the lyrics â€Å"Motorola, two way page

The Catcher and the Rye Essay Example for Free

The Catcher and the Rye Essay The Biographical Lens applied to The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger expresses his view of society in his novel, The Catch in the Rye. His viewpoints are seen in the book through the eyes of young Holden Caulfield. This novel demonstrates modern-day dilemmas and complications that teenagers confront in life. Throughout this novel, Holden Caufield, the protagonist shows signs of clinical depression mourning over the death of his younger brother Allie which caused him to have a slight case of Tropophobia. There are many instances that sustain evidence against Holden Caufield’s depression which expose his continuous thoughts of suicide, his choice of withdrawal from society, and his incapability of viewing the beneficial aspects in life rather than the imperfect. Holden is convinced that society is full of â€Å"phonies† and nothing else, that all people have a side in which they should not be proud of, expect the younger generation, whom are completely innocent. Tropophobia, is a global issue where people who suffer from it have the fear of changes. Tropophobia is caused by severe trauma that is somehow linked to sudden changes. Holden has a slight case of this illness, caused by the death of his younger brother, Allie. This would explain the reason that Holden loves the Museum. Holden loves it because it never changes, it’s always the same and is always predictable. Holden Caufield demonstrates that he has continuous thoughts of suicide in the novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†. Holden shows symptoms of depression by giving up when life confronts him with a problem. There are two examples that express’ Holden’s feelings towards death that are exhibited in this novel. A major conflict in this story is when Holden and his roommate get into a dispute. Holden mourns while looking out the window and says â€Å"I felt so lonesome, all of a sudden. I almost wished I was dead† (page 48, chapter 7). This displays Holden’s suicidal thoughts when faced with a setback. Another instance that express’ Holden’s suicidal thoughts are viewed during a conflict with Maurice (a pimp in the hotel). Holden Caufield is afflicted by Maurice and entertains the thought of ending his life. â€Å"What I really felt like, though, was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out the window.†(Page 104, chapter 14). As al ways, when problems arise, Holden seems incapable of resolving them and reasons the alternative of ending his life. This is revealed as a symptom of clinical depression. Holden Caufield also decides to withdraw himself from society. Holden makes this evident in multiple times throughout the novel. He chooses to outcast himself from his peers, family and from society. He demonstrates this aspect when he abruptly asks Sally to move to Massachusetts, â€Å" How would you like to get the hell out of here?What we could do is, tomorrow morning we could drive up to Massachusetts and Vermont, and all around there, see.†(Page 132, chapter 17). Holden chooses to withdraw himself from his peers and family to live alone and start over in an unfamiliar place. He wants to forget about all he ever knew (New York) and start over; his way of escaping his depressed and lonely surrounding. He displays this aspect once again when he intends to escape out west and live in a cabin away from society. He makes the decision to isolate himself from everyone he knows: â€Å"What I’d do, I figured, I’d go down to the Holland Tunnel and bum a ride, and then id bum another one, and another one, and another one, and in a few days I’d be somewhere out West where it was sunny and where nobody’d know me and id get a job.†(Page 198, chapter 25) He wants to completely isolate himself and extract from others: â€Å"I thought what I’d do was, I’d pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes. That way I wouldn’t have to have any goddam stupid useless conversations with anybody.†(Page 198, chapter 25). He desires to extort himself from civilization. Holden caufield is incapable of recognizing the beneficial aspects in life rather than the imperfect. Holden doesn’t see the positive qualities in people and views the negative. He calls others (including his peers and family) â€Å"phonies†. There are many moments throughout the novel where Holden is judgmental regarding people he’s never encountered before. He claims that they’re deceiving and â€Å"phony† when he hardly knows them. For instance, before Holden Caufield encounters Sally’s friend at the play (â€Å"strictly ivy league†, page 127, chapter 17) he says â€Å"Then all of a sudden, she saw some jerk she knew on the other side of the lobby† (Page 127, chapter 17). Holden calls Sally’s friend a jerk before he even meets him, as he contemplates negative thoughts from the commencement of things. Additionally, Holden calls a considerate and thoughtful teacher by the name of Mr. Spencer, deceptive: â€Å"Even the couple of nice teachers on the faculty, they were phonies, too†¦There was this one old guy, Mr. Spencer.† (page 168, chapter 22) Mr. Spencer is extremely considerate and concerning towards Holden; when he invites him over to his house to say good-bye: â€Å"I’m trying to help you. I’m trying to help you, if I can.†(Page 14, chapter 2). He calls many things around him phony, these phony things are usually things he relates to adulthood. Not only does Holden fear adulthood himself, but he also wants to save others from becoming adults. As he explains about his dream job that Holden’s only place in life is to catch kids who fall from the rye. J.D. Salinger uses the term falling because falling into or towards something is usually used in a negative aspect. Holden is a depressed character; he reveals the negative traits of people fr om the beginning, instead of admiring the respectable qualities they have. J. D. Salinger uses symbolism in several occasions, he shows Holden’s curiosity about the ducks in the lagoon. Holden doesn’t understand how the ducks are so adequate with change while he fears it so much. The author also mentions the strangeness of Holden’s hat, this represents his uniqueness and how he doesn’t want to become like other people, like adults. The red hunting hat is also symbolic in the way that both Allie’s and Phoebe’s hair is red, this represents how Holden wants to be like them; the fact that they are both young and innocent attracts Holden to want to be like them. The protagonist in J.D Salinger’s novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, Holden Caufield is portrayed as a clinically depressed character. He is suicidal, constantly contemplating negative thoughts, and isolates himself from civilization. It is revealed that depression amongst youth is not easily overcome as is the grieving process of progressing after a significant loss in their life. Bibliography Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. Print.

Implications of Internet Piracy

Implications of Internet Piracy Internet Piracy â€Å"Internet piracy in the digital age has put great pressure on both the individual and the organization within the modern business world. Ethically and morally Internet piracy is regarded as a negative force on business and the way in which companies do business. Moreover, there is increasing pressure on governments and world leaders to set up, administer and enforce laws that minimize the use of Internet piracy for illegal and destructive behavior. As the Internet is expanding and opening up in new markets, aiding faster live online connection throughout the world, it increases accessibility to software and information (Balkin, 2008; De Castro Shephard, 2008). In turn, this accessibility issue is one that many businesses may fail to address thereby leading to insufficiently protected and encrypted software. Internet piracy has arguably paved the path for software development demand, making it a very lucrative business (Balkin, 2008)†. â€Å"Web Piracy has developed into a phenomenon due to created Web systems as well as file-sharing programs. With all the expansion on the Web plus the elevated quantity of Web people in the world, the globe is becoming too many digitalized. Customers are expecting electronic data being easily accessible on the effect of a key. It has caused an astounding need with regard to electronic merchandise, where by piracy has become on the lead on the file-sharing phenomena. Napster, KaZaA as well as Microsoft include just about all also been in a negative way suffering from Web piracy. Even so, through the ashes connected with been unsuccessful business ventures theres still also been some sort of need by simply Web users with regard to available, inexpensive legal answers from the dominion connected with electronic advertising. It has just about all stimulated the progression connected with brand-new technologies, experienced entrepreneurship, as well as organizations which right now har vest the benefits of studying via some others errors, re-organizing company products as well as adjusting the way company is conducted in the modern world despite the fact that Web piracy is always uncontrolled. This specific thesis suggests which Web piracy is really a primary drivers with regard to Entrepreneurship in a few ways from the creation connected with brand-new thoughts and the springboard with regard to brand-new organizations as well as a frontrunner connected with engineering†. â€Å"Dahlstrom et al. (2006) discuss the technological Internet piracy phenomenon from the beginning of its presence on the Internet. Choi and Perez (2007) go a step further and take into account the fact that Internet piracy has existed since the Internet was chiefly used as a distribution tool for researchers at universities and government institutions. It is important to note however, that this copying and sharing of information was not originally referred to as ‘Internet piracy’. It was an important way for academics and government officials to share important information. Choi and Perez (2007) state that due to software mainly being open source code it was free and easily distributed and only when software companies started putting a price tag on their products, did Internet piracy become a regularly used word in the IT vernacular. This in turn has made Internet piracy a large and worldwide phenomenon, which greatly affects us all and has greatly influenced the de velopment of this thesis†. â€Å"Napster’s good results started out using Fanning’s perspective in order to shut the particular difference concerning supply in addition to require within the songs sector. Napster earned the latest time connected with file-sharing using todays technology by using the internet in addition to therefore solved the particular indexing issue connected with looking for songs as a result of normal Google search motors. (Oram, 2001). Napster perhaps created a new require with the supply connected with contributed digital mass media and also the availability of this. This problem in this was the particular violation on the copyrighted product. Although Napster created the latest form of technologies pertaining to document discussing this would not occur without having the problems; Internet piracy includes a negative significance inside the particular songs organization simply because eliminate buyers, profits and it probably likewise loss their reputation in addition to brand name. (Gupta, Kamala Srinivasan, 2005) While P4 mentions, the particular change in which Napster produced built the particular record companies think in addition to â€Å"It can force the particular record-labels in order to confirm in addition to match the buyers. † This fight Internet piracy is constant and it isnt going to seem like Internet piracy web-sites in addition to related application can vanish any moment rapidly because of the particular excessive file-sharers and also the require pertaining to readily readily available on-line items†. â€Å"Provided that there exists a require as well as a supply which can be met as a result of P2P in addition to Bit Torrent technologies in addition to request there will be an opportunity pertaining to Internet piracy and it is people to produce the particular mass media readily available (Gibert, 2010). Napster noticed enable you to lower the particular require by simply increasing the particular supply; sadly this would not look at the lawful implications which could comply with. Even so, a large handful of application companies who have revolutionized the particular market segments using lawful alternatives – Apple company Inc. in addition to Spotify for instance. While P6 expresses: â€Å"Would weve designed remedies like iTunes Spotify devoid of the behavior connected with cutthroat buccaneers and also the lawful behavior attempting to stop piracy? We could dispute that any of us have seen the particular growth connected with application techniques in addition to economic designs good social-technical-legal-political situation in addition to consequently we could dispute in which piracy devices a few varieties of scientific progress†Ã¢â‚¬ . â€Å"Warner (2002), Picard (2005) along with Roth (2004) just about all focus on the implications connected with new technological know-how and also the popular distribution connected with software package, audio along with video tutorials on the net. Especially, many people tackle the Bit Torrent along with P2P technological know-how. Bit Torrent along with P2P was being connected with considerable importance on the improvement connected with record revealing technological know-how. Konigsberg (2002) looks at these technological know-how comprehensive along with explains the worthiness the technological know-how (and the cause code with the applications) have had for the emergence connected with record revealing software and also the Net. With nowadays, several important celebrities inside Net record revealing sector come about: Rimmer (2005) as an illustration, looks at the implications the Napster application got for the hiburan sector and also the technique these kinds of corpo rations treated Net piracy. Honigsberg (2002) additionally looks at legislation meets along with implications set forth simply by the hiburan businesses exactly who sued along with picked up legitimate fights towards Napster, KaZaA as well as other record revealing real estate agents†. â€Å"Strangely enough, World Wide Web piracy does help the particular progress regarding fresh technological innovation as well as aid in entrepreneurial growth. And also assisting organizational growth yet at the same time placing key obstacles in the way on their behalf. The entire world has to come across stability in which buccaneers tend to be definitely not hunted as witches, but some common soil ought to be fixed specifically simply by authorities as well as lawmakers as a way to target the World Wide Web piracy phenomenon. From the research regarding the way it is studies, it is obvious in which even when technological innovation is not blatantly designed for piracy it could all of which will whenever possible provide for your function. World Wide Web Piracy nevertheless, in addition has allowed pertaining to technical developments that we might or else not have observed. Finally, piracy possesses in many circumstances started out fresh opportunities pertaining to business people with whom are actually capable of utilize the fresh technological innovation pertaining to authorized as well as effective business†. â€Å"References and Bibliography :- Balk in, D., B., De Castro, J., O. and Shepherd, D., A., (2008): Can entrepreneurial firms benefit from product piracy?. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 75-90. Beckman, E. (Responsible publisher), Pettersson, B. (Broadcast producer) (2012). Chin., W., W., Khalifa, M. and Limayem, M., (2004): Factors motivating software piracy: a longitudinal study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 51, No. 4. Choi, D.Y. and Perez, A., (2007): Online piracy, innovation, and legitimate business models. Technovation, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 168-178. Darity, W., A., Jr., (2008): Demand. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 268-271. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. McDonald, V., L., (2009): Before-and-After Case Study Design, in A., J., Mills, G., Durepos E., Wiebe (eds), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 52-5. Oram, A., (2001): Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies. OReilly Media, p. 448. Porter, T., (2006): Practical VoIP Security. Rockland, MA: Syngress. Rao, L., (2011): Skype Revenue Up 20 Percent To $860M In 2010; Paid Users Up 19 Percent. TechCrunch, available at: http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/07/skype-revenue-up-20-percent-to-860m-in-2010-paid-users-up-19-percent/, viewed 25 April 2012. Rimmer, M., (2005): Hail to the Thief: A Tribute to KaZaA. University of Ottawa Law and Technology Journal, Volume 2, No 1, pp. 173 – 218.Internet Piracy and Entrepreneurial Growth Andersson, Eventorn, Nilsson 55 Warner, M., (2002): The New Napsters. Fortune, 146, 3, pp. 115-116.es†.

The Hero Essay -- essays research papers

The Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zorro, Lassie, Hercules, and Beowulf all have something in common, they are all considered hero’s. It does not matter if the hero is a man, woman, animal or an intimate object that springs to life. It does not matter where the hero comes from or how old he or she is. The only thing that a hero needs to do to be a hero, according to Joseph Campbell, is follows a predefined path of a hero and have some common characteristics of one, too. Joseph Campbell in one of the most knowledgeable people on the subject of a hero. According to Joseph Campbell many hero’s have completed the same deed over and over again throughout history. He points out that a hero is not limited to one particular time or place. Campbell explains the details about what makes a hero a hero in his discussion The Hero’s Journey. The story of the hero must have a mystical quality. A hero’s characteristics should include doing something beyond the normal range of a human and giving up one’s life for something bigger. A hero’s sequence of events is began by the hero intentionally setting out on ones own to complete a physical deed for a moral objective. The hero is trying to shape a savage world out of his existing world. The hero departs from his home to fulfill his deed and then returns home again. The hero undergoes a mental development throughout the story through different trials that he or she is facing. This transforms the heroes state of consciousness. The hero learns to live in the system in which he or she is and does not fall victim to it. Lastly whatever is accomplished by the hero is lost when he or she dies. In the story of Beowulf the main character follows Campbell’s outline of a hero. It is an Anglo-Saxon poem that recounts the life of the hero Beowulf and this poem is one of the oldest existing poems in the English language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all for a hero to be a hero he needs to be present in a story that has a mystical quality about it, according to Campbell. The reader can see this mystical quality in Beowulf everywhere he or she looks. First of all as the story begins it talks of a tribe of people, called the Danes, rescuing a castaway baby at sea. The baby that the tribe rescues turns out later to be their king. Another mystical quality t... ...the path of a hero. First by setting out on one’s own to complete a physical deed for a moral obligation. Beowulf leaves Geatland on his own to kill Grendel to repay Hrothgar for his kindness to his father. Fulfilling each moral obligation is a step on the path of being a hero. Beowulf kills each monster because of a moral obligation and gives his king the riches he receives from each because it is his moral obligation to do so. A character departs from his or her home to go on an adventure and then return home again. Beowulf leavs his land to kills two monsters and then returns home again. Next a character will shape and savage world and through trials transform to a different state of counciousness. By fighting monsters and ruling the land Beowulf grows smarter and less selfish than he was before. The last step is to live in a system and finally have everything that is gained by the character lost. Beowulf lives in his system without becomming corrupt and in the end the peace and treasure that he fought for is lost by his people. When a character has the characteristics and follows the correct path then he or she is a hero. Beowulf is a hero.

British – American Essay

Assess British American Relations in the 1840's The 1840's was a period of American expansion and diplomacy. Throughout these years, tensions grew in British-American relations. By this time, The United States had extended its power and territories throughout the world, and the British Empire had problems in its government. Throughout the 1840's, the two countries disputed over many things. The main things the British and Americans disagreed over in the 1840's were borders and ownership of territory. However, the resolution of these disagreements was the greatest achievement of this period. The issues included the Creole affair in 1841, the Caroline Incident of 1837, and the Oregon territory dispute. These major disputes could have started a third war between the two nations. Because of the Manifest Destiny mentality of the Americans, they thought that all territory to the west belonged to, or would belong to the US. Supporters of the Manifest Destiny argued that more Western land wa s needed to provide space for the new Americans created by a high birth rate and increased immigration.They pointed out that land governed by Mexico and Britain was sparsely populated and mostly unproductive. The supporters argued that the land should be given to American settlers who can put it to better use. British and American relations improved however by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. By the 1840's, commerce between the US and Britain improved compared to prior decades. Some disagreements between merchants of the two nations still ensued. One major argument was the Creole Affair.In the early 1840's, the British were interested in fighting the slave trade. They were against the importation of African slaves into the Americas. In 1841, on the American ship Creole, over 130 enslaved Africans overpowered the crew, murdering one man, while sailing from Virginia to New Orleans. 2 Led by Madison Washington, the slaves sailed the vessel to Nassau, Bahamas, where the British dec lared them free. 3 Americans argued that the property of US slave owners should be protected in foreign ports.US-British relations grew tense from this incident, which was similar to how the war of 1812 was started. The Caroline was an American steamship that had been aiding rebels in Canada. Canadian militia, on orders of the British, seized the Caroline in American waters in 1837. They set the ship on fire, and sent it hurling over Niagara Falls. 4 These actions strained US relations with Great Britain, almost to the point of war, yet again. In 1840, a Canadian man was arrested for allegedly having a role in the attack. The British stated that his execution would mean war.The US decided to release the Canadian prisoner and tensions temporarily subsided. In the 1830's, the American and Canadian boundary was still not settled. It included both Maine and especially the Oregon territory, which is now present day Southern British Columbia and the American Pacific Northwest. Most of the American Canadian border issue was settled after the war of 1812. The British-American Convention of 1818 set most of the border as the 49th parallel. The problem came west of the continental divide in the Oregon territory.The British wanted the area that follows the Columbia river which ran south of the 49th parallel into fur trapping areas owned by the Hudson Bay Company. 5 In 1846, after putting off an agreement for over 20 years due to negotiators being unable to reach an agreement, the Treaty of Washington was signed between the US and Britain. It set the boundary between Canada and the United States at the 49th parallel, from the Rocky Mountains to the coast. 6 The line was later extended southward through the Gulf Islands and then followed the mid-point through the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the Pacific Ocean.Navigation through the Gulf Islands and the Strait of Juan de Fuca was to be ensured for both nations. 7 A major turning point in U. S. relations with Great Britain cam e with the signing on August 9, 1842, of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. This treaty settled several matters between the two nations. The new British Foreign Minister, Lord Aberdeen, sent Lord Ashburton to Washington to meet with Secretary of State Daniel Webster to negotiate some boundary issues. The two were friends so negotiations went smoothly.Together, they developed a treaty that adjusted the Maine-New Brunswick boundary, which had been the cause of the Aroostook War (1838-1839). 8 The U. S. received most of the territory as well as navigational rights on the St. John River. The treaty also settled the question of the US – Canada boundary between Lake Superior and Lake of the Woods. 9 Some movement was made toward addressing extradition concerns between the two nations. This issue became sensitive following the Caroline affair, so a formal extradition treaty was signed later.Also part of the treaty, the US agreed to station ships off the African coast in an effort to dete ct Americans engaging in the slave trade. In conclusion, the British-American relations during the 1840's teetered on the brink of a third war between the two nations. The Manifest Destiny mentality that the Americans had instilled in them played a major role in their conflicts with Britain. They were determined to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean, and didn't allow any move by the British or any other power to shorten their border, especially in the north with the Oregon treaty.

What the Ears of the Adolescence Hear essays

What the Ears of the Adolescence Hear essays What the Ears of the Adolescent Hear Pop culture expert Michael Paretti once said that people are influenced by the media in the way they dress, talk, relate, spend their money, define social problems, identify with prominent but insignificant personalities and in the kinds of ideological images they embrace. But the term media is broad, is he talking about television, radio or movies. Media includes all these sections but music is its largest player. According to Kathleen OToole adolescents actively or inactively listen to music three to five hours a day. That is mare than any statistic for television, video game, computer use or Internet. What does this mean? It means that music potentially has the biggest effect on adolescents out of the sections of the media. Peter Christenson and Donald Roberts, authors of the book Its not only Rock and Roll say that Music matters to adolescents, and they cannot be understood without a serious consideration of how it fits into their lives, meaning no adolescent can be prop erly interpreted or counseled without knowing how the music the adolescent listens to effects their life. Music affects every angle of teen development from the personality in which they dress and speak to the social groups they confide in. Music is often used as a channel to express and enhance moods and emotional states. This can cause an adverse range of effects. An adolescent in a good mood listening to a happy song can have improve self esteem, outlook on life, tolerance of annoyances; an angry outraged adolescent listening to some destructive goth or heavy metal may feel the need to break something, hurt someone or even hurt him or herself. Its not what the music says but whose mind is processing the meaning of the music. Marilyn Manson said himself I am not, nor have I ever been or ever will be a devil worshipper, its tha...

Lateral Thinking †Concepts, Training Methodologies and Applications in Business

Lateral Thinking – Concepts, Training Methodologies and Applications in Business Free Online Research Papers Regular human thought patterns follow a standardised sequential approach which adheres strictly to logical reasoning and common sense. The lateral thinking concept conceived by Edward De Bono in 1967 (1991) is based upon harnessing the creative right side of the brain, spawning buzzwords such as ‘thinking outside the box’, ‘thinking outside the square’, and ‘innovative and creative thinking’. De Bono is a prominent psychologist, consultant, management expert and author (Lewis 2005) who has written in excess of 60 books translated in over 34 languages (Kaul 2005). This significantly demonstrates the global relevance and application of lateral thinking. People of different ages, lifestyles, societies and ethnicities can be taught thinking – proving that lateral thinking is not a God-given talent (Feldman 2004), but a skill that can be taught cross-culturally. Lateral thinking is one of the few effective concepts despite the presence of such diversity. The master himself defines lateral thinking as: â€Å"You cannot dig a hole in a different place by digging the same hole deeper.. Lateral Thinking is for changing concepts and perceptions†¦The brain as a self-organising information system forms asymmetric patterns. In such systems there is a mathematical need for moving across patterns. The tools and processes of lateral thinking are designed to achieve such lateral movement. The tools are based on an understanding of self-organising information systems†¦ In any self-organising system there is a need to escape from a local optimum in order to move towards a more global optimum. The techniques of lateral thinking are designed to help that change. (de Bono n.d.) This report will outline the concept of lateral thinking, describe verified methodologies that can develop and enhance lateral thinking skills, and discuss how its applications in a business context not only has, but will enable organisations to achieve continuous growth and prosperity. Concept of Lateral Thinking: Vertical vs Lateral Lateral thinking advocates questioning the assumptions which establish the basis of reasoning, and trying out seemingly illogical ideas, concepts and perceptions. Lateral thinking seeks to break typical human thought patterns to enable formation of original, innovative, contemporary, never-before-seen solutions. Training Methodologies Contrary to popular belief, lateral thinking is not a natural born talent. It is a skill like any other which can be taught (Feldman 2004), becoming second nature with consistent effort, practice and adherence to guidelines set by various training organisations (Burton Sack 1991) which develop and sharpen lateral thinking skills. A summation of Edward de Bono’s (1982; 1994; 1996) methods are: 1. Alternatives and The Concept Fan Alternatives use concepts as a breeding ground for new ideas due to the infrequent occurence of looking beyond obvious alternatives. This method extracts the concept behind a group of alternatives and then uses it to generate further alternatives. Alternatives run onto The Concept Fan (de Bono 1996), which is the process of moving from an idea to a concept then becoming the starting base for other ideas. A concept itself can also move to a more expansive concept thus becoming the starting base for alternative concepts. Each new alternative concept becomes a starting base for alternative ideas, producing a flow of alternative ideas. 2. APC (Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices) De Bono (1982) credits this method for brainstorming alternatives for explanations, hypotheses, perceptions, problems, reviews, designs, decisions, courses of action and forecasting. Objections to this process are time wastage and that an abundance of alternatives may result in indecision and procrastination. 3. PMI (Plus, Minus, Interesting) This simple scanning tool primes the mind for objectivity, whereby attention is deliberately focused on the Plus points firsthand, followed by the Minus then Interesting points. PMI analyses of ideas comprehensively. 4. The Stepping Stone Stepping Stone is the most provocative technique (de Bono 1996) and can lead to spectacular new ideas and approaches to problems. De Bono (1982) separates the two phases of Stepping Stone into: 1. The intentional setting up of the provocation or stepping stone’, which is simply a provocative idea that stimulates the mind to think of other ideas; and 2. The effective use of the provocation to create practical new solutions. Von Oech (1983) asserts Stepping Stones may be impractical in the real world, but their ability to lead the thinking process in undiscovered directions is invaluable. 5. The New Entry/Random Input Based on the logic of patterning systems and developed in 1968 (de Bono 1982) the simplest technique of all is used consistently by advertising agencies, rock groups and playwrights. It is especially valuable for the development of original ideas and concepts in oversaturated industries (de Bono 1982). The process consists of obtaining a word which has no relevance to the situation and holding them together; from this juxtaposition new ideas are developed. De Bono (1996) depicts this as an easier technique as the provocation does not have to be constructed, and starting from a new entry point is a well-established process of creativity. 6. The Escape/Creative Pause This direct practical technique is employed equally well by individuals and groups. The main direction of thinking is identified then an escape from this direction is implemented (de Bono 1982). This highly structured technique is based on the premise that a creative pause interrupts the smooth flow of routine, thus formulating thoughts about situations that no one else has previously stopped to think about. 7. Challenge It is human nature to think of better alternatives only when situations are deemed inadequate thus limiting creativity and innovation (Mumford, Connelly Gaddis 2003). Challenge does not critically assess the adequacy of the current method; it is based on the willingness to explore the reasoning why things are done and whether there are any alternatives. Understanding the logic of creativity is especially helpful in developing creative skills in engineers, financial people and technical experts. 8. Movement and Provocation These two fundamental aspects combined form the root of Lateral Thinking and veer people away from traditional thought and reasoning (de Bono 1982). Deliberate provocation is implemented to break traditional patterns after deployment of movement. Provocation is the generation of new ideas stemming from provocative statements, designed to challenge limitations. De Bono describes (1982) movement as a new mental function acting as an alternative to judgment, hence allowing metamorphosis of provocative illogical ideas to those that are effective and pragmatic. 9. Six Thinking Hats The Six Hats method is an expedient pragmatic technique maximising individual and group thinking. The various Hats symbolise: White hat information Red hat: intuition and feeling Black hat: caution and logical negative Yellow hat: logical positive Green hat: creative effort and creative thinking Blue hat: control of the thinking process itself Research undertaken of Hong Kong’s corporate world (Boulter 2006) attest that lateral thinking aids teams in functioning harmoniously together by sidelining strong egos. Productivity is increased by controlled use of particular modes of thinking to particular moments. Studies show (Curtis Smith 1998; Mumford, Connelly Gaddis 2003) the Six Hats method becomes rapidly entrenched in the organisational culture. De Bono (1996) lists IBM, Du Pont and Prudential as organisations who have incorporated the technique into management training with outstanding results. Application to Business The 21st century is characterised by the prevalence of ever-changing trends, fierce competition, fickle consumers, evolving environmental factors, frequent amendments to legislation, (Robbins et al. 2006) and requirements to perform despite constraints such as stretched budgets, unyielding management and corporate bureaucracy. Boasting staff capable of harvesting breakthrough ideas should not be by good fortune or accident. Employing the methods outlined previously will afford a corporation’s human resources with a systematic innovative thinking process. Creative thinking is a skill that can be learnt (Boulter 2006) and empowers people by expanding their natural abilities thus improving collaboration, productivity and profit. Boulter (2006) believes the Six Hats method has facilitated business teams to work collectively, hence all present at meetings equally contribute towards achieving organisational objectives. Organisations such as Guinness, IBM and British Airways have also been utilising the method, of which Evans (1994) found a reduction of seventy five percent of meeting times in one company alone. Corporations have an over reliance on empirical data, preferring to take simplistic routes to tackle today’s problems. The key to success is not the quantity of information and data, but in its application and deployment methods, the process of crafting new ideas by capitalising on existing knowledge and experience. Conclusion Numerous studies by Williamson (2001), Curtis Smith (1998) and Mumford, Connelly Gaddis (2003) substantiate that organisational success hinges on new attitudes towards innovation and creativity, urging management to embrace and welcome seemingly irrational new concepts, ideas and perceptions from their employees. With originality being a scarce commodity in today’s world, lateral thinking is vital to not only survival, but success in the business arena. Improvements in quality and service are necessary, but insufficient. Creativity, innovation and the openness to questions one’s own assumptions are the only sustainable engines that will drive lasting, global success. Society over emphasises the importance of capability, data and technology as tools for ensuring survival. De Bono (Lewis 2005) argues that it is creativity and innovation which delivers value; cautioning of the modern trend of believing that information in itself is adequate, that additional information, comprehensive analysis, concise judgement and quick action will resolve conflicts and inconsistencies. Business is becoming lax with their approaches to contemporary problems, preferring to rely on conventional solutions that place excessive reliance on the old adage ‘if it ain’t broke don’t fix it’. There are no misgivings that committing extra effort to think laterally will enhance an organisation’s bottom line exponentially by placing it not one step, but one block ahead of the competition. References Boulter, A 2006, The six hats of Edward de Bono sit well on HKs corporate heads Lateral Thinking is the name of the game in a workshop based on the teachings of a famous psychologist. The idea is to make sure that everyone has an equal say in out of the box thinking, South China Morning Post, April 22, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Burton, JC Sack, RJ 1991, Time for Some Lateral Thinking, Accounting Horizons, June 1991, pp. 118-22. Curtis, J Smith, G 1998, Alternative instructional strategies for creative and critical thinking in the accounting curriculum, Journal of Accounting Education, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 261-93. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from ScienceDirect database. de Bono, E 1982, Edward de Bonos Thinking Course Powerful Tools to Transform Your Thinking, BBC Worldwide, London. de Bono, E 1994, Parallel Thinking From Socratic to de Bono Thinking, Penguin Books, London. de Bono, E 1996, Serious Creativity Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas, HarperCollins, London. de Bono, E n.d., LATERAL THINKING PARALLEL THINKING (TM). Retrieved August 16, 2006, from edwdebono.com/debono/lateral.htm Evans, J 1994, Employers Learn the Benefits of Lateral Thinking, Personnel Management, vol. 3, p. 44. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from ProQuest database. Feldman, J 2004, How To Develop Your Creative Thinking Skills! Manage Online, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 4-6. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from ScienceDirect database. Kaul, S 2005, Creative thinking key to growth: de Bono, Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 1-2. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Lewis, E 2005, Leader: Lateral Thinking, Edward de Bono creative guru, Brand Strategy, vol. 5, no. 37, p. 3. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Mumford, MD, Connelly, S Gaddis, B 2003, How creative leaders think: Experimental findings and cases, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4-5, pp. 411-32. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from ScienceDirect database. Robbins, S, Bergman, R, Stagg, I Coutler, M 2006, Foundations of Management, 2 edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest. von Oech, R 1983, A Whack On The Side Of The Head How to Unlock Your Mind For Innovation, Warner Books Inc, New York. Williamson, B 2001, Creativity, the corporate curriculum and the future: a case study, Futures, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 541-55. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from ScienceDirect database. Research Papers on Lateral Thinking - Concepts, Training Methodologies and Applications in BusinessThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Terrorism in Context 1 Essays

Terrorism in Context 1 Essays Terrorism in Context 1 Essay Terrorism in Context 1 Essay Terrorism in Context 1 Name: Course: Date: Terrorism in Context 1 Part 1 Politicians are there to represent the public’s interest in congress. They therefore address people many times. They have their own special way in which they talk to citizens. This language is meant to convince the public to follow them and vote for them. Elected officials need to learn how to express themselves in a manner that will convince more people. Some politicians do not tell the whole truth. They have designed a way in which their lies are believable. The audiences they address have therefore associated political language with lies. They perceive that most of what the politicians say is not true. This is because most of the time what the politicians say turns out not to be true. This is seen especially during campaign periods. A politician will say anything so that they can be elected into office. They will promise citizens many things. Most of which they cannot deliver (Carver Pikalo, 2008). Political language has also been used to change how the public perceives certain situations. Since politicians hold offices of power, they are able to change people’s views. For instance, if the public was against homosexuality and a politician comes out in support of homosexuals, he or she can convince some people to support the issue. This is an example of how political language can change a person’s perception. It is with the use of this language that citizens have been convinced to change their stand. Political language is thereby highly influential. Part 2 The process of motivation and commitment among terrorists are many. Terrorists are usually angry and frustrated about the state of affairs in the world. They feel that there are countries that are infringing the rights of other people. They take it upon themselves to defend these people’s rights. They feel that they are revolutionaries. Terrorists are motivated by religious beliefs and hatred towards leaders and countries. They feel that they are justified to protect their beliefs against leaders that are representing their rights. They oppose what the governments believe in and know that it is their right to correct this situation. Part 2a Members of terrorist groups are recruited in different ways. They are lured into these groups with the promise of money and a greater life after death. They are often promised that their families will be protected and looked after. They are given a promise for a better life. Members are also recruited from schools. These students had radical views against the government. Therefore, they were ideal candidates as they already oppose the government (Crenshaw, 1995). Part 2b The recruits are often from poor backgrounds. They are from families that cannot afford necessities of life. They are shown that they can afford a better lifestyle for their families through terrorism (Crenshaw, 1995). Part 2c Leaders of the groups sustained commitment and motivation through various ways. They had to make sure that the recruits do not forget the cause. Therefore, they made sure that the families of deceased soldiers were taken care of. They ensured that the recruits led comfortable lifestyles. Recruits always had money to buy anything they needed. This offered them security. They were also protected especially in countries with political unrest. They also made sure that the recruits were continuously reminded of the cause for terrorism. They showed the negative side of the government. They used religion to back their reasons for terrorism. They misquoted scriptures to fit their cause (Crenshaw, 1995). Reference Carver, T., Pikalo, J. (2008). Political language and metaphor: Interpreting and changing the world. New York: Routledge. Crenshaw, M. (1995). Terrorism in context. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Apple Inc. Increasing Corporate Market Share Research Paper

Apple Inc. Increasing Corporate Market Share - Research Paper Example This is due to the increasing market competition of its business rivals. Within the global mobile market, Apple has only 1% market share while its computer market enjoys a 5% market share (Cusumano 23). Additionally, the company’s TV features are relatively unpopular. This paper presents a report of an analytical analysis of Apple Inc. with a view of illustrating how the company would achieve a greater corporate market share for its PC and non-PC products and services. The scope of the report will include analysis of the needs of the company’s customers, strategies through which the company will increase corporate market share and its competitiveness. Both Qualitative and Quantitative research methodologies are applied in collection of quantifiable and qualitative data for analysis and interpretation. The collection of data employs secondary research design in which findings for the company investigation are obtained from credible secondary information sources such as p eer reviewed journal articles, online databases and books. Data Analysis and Discussion The needs of Apple Inc.’s customers are quality of products and services. The company’s PC systems are expected to be of superior quality which includes creative and innovative design of hardware architecture and software platforms. Apple Inc. is faced with a challenge of maintaining its core success factors and competencies which include innovativeness, creativity, marketing, brand management and building relationships within the organization and with its customers (Casacchia 59). This scenario illustrates that the needs of the company’s customers are not being met effectively. Furthermore, the needs of the company’s customers include affordable prices for its OC and non-PC products. It has been revealed that Apple Inc. is experiencing difficulty in overcoming business rivals who provide low-priced products to the mobile and computer markets (Fontevecchia 6). The mobi le products from Google for example are posing a threat to the company’s success due to the low prices that the business rival provides for the customers. Additionally, the computer market is characterized by competitive prices from Dell and Microsoft both for hardware and software (Gelles, Chris and Richard 15). These findings demonstrate that Apple Inc. is faced with a challenge of satisfying the product and service cost effectiveness that its customers require. The strategies which Apple Inc. has employed in order to increase the market share for its products include marketing, strategic alliances, customer relations, creativity and innovativeness, provision of variety of products and services and the iPod platform. Within the digital music market, Apple’s iPod has enjoyed 70% of the market share as opposed to its closest competitor which has only 8% of the market share. Nonetheless, the company’s strategy for providing variety of products to its consumers ha s been faced by threats of new entrants to the market and substitutes for its computer and mobile products (Seitz 1). These threats have reduced the value that the customers have for the company. Additionally, the company’s customer base is increasingly becoming more diverse (Mallin and Finkle 52). New entrants in the market have also implemented new strategies and strengths in marketing which are posing new threats to the company’

Morrisons Bandar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morrisons Bandar - Essay Example Another thing is that Morrison’s property, equipment and plant assets value is approximately equivalent to 7.5 billion pounds. The value is higher compared to the capitalization of its current market. Morrison’s supermarket debt compared to the equity ratio is 19% that is regarded as lowest in the firm. As much as the profits prior taxes are above by 45% to around 449 million pounds implicate a growth that is positive which it enjoys. The firm was named the year’s retailer in 2008 award, which enhanced friendliness of the firm. It is the United Kingdom’s great strength and Safeway acquirer of many years back has made it boost its current form. It has been of a better value particularly on deals of BOGOF. The company has also vested on the value in each and every stock of it. Weaknesses Firstly, the company has got no Internet business of home shopping compared to other arch rivals like Sainsbury, Tesco and Asda (Thompson & Martin, 2010). The situation can drag the company to a late stage because electronic commerce is a business that is ever growing. It also provides customers with convenience and potentiality to get into the markets from an international view. Another weakness facing this firm is that there is an absence of the scheme dealing with loyalty card that has been used by its competitors to trace the trends of consumers and provide discounts to customers. Moreover, dissimilar to its competitors, it does not provide its customers with food deals that are meaningful. It also does not have a public face that is recognised unlike its competitors like Sainsbury known by Jamie Oliver, Ice Land by Keri Katona, and Asda by Paul Whitehouse and Tesco by numerous celebrities. In addition, they are not sure of where to follow business-wise. Of their latest ads, some have portrayed the company as Waitrose as they have executed the same way as M&S with their main aim on food. An attempt to push the brand with a short period of time is h ard given one trial. This is because their stores’ posters that are situated externally communicate BOGOF deals than the quality of food. Opportunities There are obvious opportunities that have been prevailing right back down the years and have been cracked. For instance, source marketing with organic, schools, food labelling, recycling and local produce. There is always reasoning that supermarkets apply strict measures on suppliers, thereby creating a connection with workers of those suppliers and making their live better could produce committed shoppers. This, in turn, would create good public relations. This company could also take into consideration revival of the junk for schools. Making it as an offer but rather generate points count than other in case they origin is of healthy products. Threats Tesco has held the advantage to jump on the prices of this company. Meanwhile, the company’s focus is on the ball of indulgent food. The new ad by Tesco talks on how the company has 3024 merchandisers that are cheaper compared to Morrisons. The calculation of the action puts Morrisons at risk. This is because the company is burdened with the task to protect its price and concurrently continue with the task of pushing the angle of its food quality. Solutions to Improve Morrison’s Plc. The first step that the company should consider is the suitability of organic growth. This move is acceptable with the growth objectives of the company, and it will enable Morrisons to guard its USP. The move also reduces risks as it is the main business. The approach can be a conservative means in a way that the company fails on growth opportunity via market development or NDP or feasibility diversification. Another option that should be brought on board is growth via acquisition sustainability.

Organizational Communication and Conflict Resolution Essay

Organizational Communication and Conflict Resolution - Essay Example Under this new configuration, corporate communication is defined as "an instrument of management by means of which all consciously used forms of internal and external communication are harmonized as effectively and efficiently as possible to create a favorable basis for relationships with groups upon which the company is dependent (Van Riel, 1995)." This reflects a growing recognition by top management and corporate boardroom that the ability to succeed and rise above the competition depends upon the firm's capability to communicate effectively with its stakeholders, thus making corporate communication an absolute and integral part of top management functions. In line with this thinking, communication managers and departments are now assigned such loftier titles as corporate communications, public affairs or corporate affairs (Fombrum, 1996). It also gave rise to a new corporate communication vocabulary, which consists of words like stakeholders, identity and reputation, among others. Moreover, the work of corporate communication has widened in scope to take place at three dimensions: corporate, market and operational levels. This corporate work involves communicating the organization's mission and vision to its shareholders, employees, customers, etc., while the market-oriented activity explores and implement ways by which the company can compete best in a given market. At the operational level, the communication group is left to manage its own resources, processes and people, a function used to be done on its behalf by the finance department, the engineering section and the human resource department. Relationship to Management How corporate communication has wormed its way into the top rung of the corporate ladder may be seen at Siemens, whose productivity, profitability and corporate image continue to be the envy of its competitors. At Siemens, communication managers oversee a wide range of activities related to management and decision-making, including analysis and research, formulation of communication objectives for the entire organization, and counseling of senior management. The company maintains a corporate communication department that handles advertising, internal communication and media relations. In addition, there is a central corporate messages section that supervises the senior communication professionals responsible for developing and protecting the overall corporate image of Siemens, as well as copywriters for the speeches of senior managers. Such consolidation of communication activities in one or two departments is now commonplace in progressive companies, with the communication practitio ners having the ear of CEOs and senior executive teams, especially on stakeholder and reputation issues (Grunig & Grunig, 1998). The same importance is given to corporate communication by Philips, which keeps a large corporate communication department at its head office in Amsterdam that counsels the CEO and senior managers on

The American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The American Revolution - Essay Example The American Revolution was a triumph of human rights and liberties. Britain introduced several political and economic policies such as heavy taxation that hugely distressed Americans. Similarly, the British military was quite inhumane in handling the "Whigs† or â€Å"patriots† a clear violation of elementary human rights. Civilians were haphazardly murdered upon showing any objection to Acts such as the Townshend Acts that imposed a heavy tax on indispensable goods such as tea and paper. The â€Å"patriots† were given a worse treatment than the â€Å"loyalists† who received preferential treatment merely for being loyal to the British government (Greg, 2010). Similarly, Americans’ freedom of speech and movement was hugely curtailed and anyone who violated the stipulated laws guiding speech and movement faced severe punishment or death in some extreme cases. The revolutionary war, therefore, came not to portray America’s military prowess but to uphold the spirit of constitutionalism where the power of leaders is limited, and a leadership that is devoted to the good of the people by protecting individual rights such as right to life and liberties such as liberty of association and freedom of speech. Joseph (2001) supports this important assertion in his article when he presents George Washington’s 7th December 1796 speech where Washington said; â€Å"†¦that the virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the Government which they have instituted† (pg. 1). Britain realized that all men were created equal, and such equality must be upheld in all spheres of life. Upon the declaration of independence, after the American Revolutionary war, democracy started mushrooming in America. The Americans were so infuriated by the British government which merely imposed itself in power and subjected its subjects to immense suffering.  

Outline and critically discuss the statutory and common law examples Essay

Outline and critically discuss the statutory and common law examples of 'lifting the veil' on corporate personality - Essay Example There are several statutory examples in which the courts are prepared to lift the veil of the corporation. For example under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, in which the court can make a confiscation order against a convicted criminal has been used to lift the corporate veil.3 Guidelines have been established setting forth the limitations for which confiscation orders can be made that lift the corporate veil. It was held in R v Seager by Aikens LJ that under the criminal law there are three circumstances in which the corporate shield may be lifted. Firstly, if it is established that the convicted criminal attempted to hide his criminal activities and the proceeds of those activities behind the corporation’s separate legal personality, the veil may be lifted.4 Secondly, the corporate veil may be lifted in cases where the convicted criminal committed crimes constituting the criminal offence for which he/she is convicted. Finally, the shield may be lifted where the â€Å"transaction or business structures constitute a ‘device’, ‘cloak’, or ‘sham’, i.e. an attempt to disguise the true nature of the transaction†.5 In other words, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, will be used in instances where it is clear that the company was used as an instrument in crime for either evading criminal liability or for hiding the proceeds of crime.6 There are several other statutes, particularly revenue statutes where the corporate veil is lifted for the collection of taxes. Moreover, the corporate veil can also be lifted under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 and Trading with the Enemy Act 1939.7 Both statutes are used to determine whether or not the individual and the company are so intricately tied that it is difficult to distinguish between the two.8 The statutes considered here are the Insolvency Act 1986 and the Companies Act 2006. There are four examples under the Insolvency Act 1986 in which the corporate veil may be lifted. Under Section 122(1)(g),

Grants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grants - Essay Example Grants from funding agencies to help promote literacy in primary schools: SAMPLE GRANT NO. 1 . Summary Information : Government Education Grant. Supplemental Education Service Providers’ Program: Study Center. The subject area is: Reading K-4. One on one tutoring: one student for every one instructor. Maximum cost: Rs. 32/- per hour. Target group: Students living on the South side of District Hometown or attending school there. Following the standard elements of a proposal, the main guidelines: First, The Title Page. Then, The Abstract: Regular and consistent classes for improving the reading skills of economically backward children, to make a difference in their lives in all areas. Lesson plans include CIERA (Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement) strategies through guided reading. The over-all focus is on the six dimensions of reading instructions: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, text comprehension, and motivation. Introduction: Statement of the problem: Poor academic performance of non-native English speaking children, from poor families. Purpose of the work: To improve young children’s reading skills before they are caught in a cycle of failure.

The American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The American Revolution - Essay Example The American Revolution was a triumph of human rights and liberties. Britain introduced several political and economic policies such as heavy taxation that hugely distressed Americans. Similarly, the British military was quite inhumane in handling the "Whigs† or â€Å"patriots† a clear violation of elementary human rights. Civilians were haphazardly murdered upon showing any objection to Acts such as the Townshend Acts that imposed a heavy tax on indispensable goods such as tea and paper. The â€Å"patriots† were given a worse treatment than the â€Å"loyalists† who received preferential treatment merely for being loyal to the British government (Greg, 2010). Similarly, Americans’ freedom of speech and movement was hugely curtailed and anyone who violated the stipulated laws guiding speech and movement faced severe punishment or death in some extreme cases. The revolutionary war, therefore, came not to portray America’s military prowess but to uphold the spirit of constitutionalism where the power of leaders is limited, and a leadership that is devoted to the good of the people by protecting individual rights such as right to life and liberties such as liberty of association and freedom of speech. Joseph (2001) supports this important assertion in his article when he presents George Washington’s 7th December 1796 speech where Washington said; â€Å"†¦that the virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the Government which they have instituted† (pg. 1). Britain realized that all men were created equal, and such equality must be upheld in all spheres of life. Upon the declaration of independence, after the American Revolutionary war, democracy started mushrooming in America. The Americans were so infuriated by the British government which merely imposed itself in power and subjected its subjects to immense suffering.  

Grants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grants - Essay Example Grants from funding agencies to help promote literacy in primary schools: SAMPLE GRANT NO. 1 . Summary Information : Government Education Grant. Supplemental Education Service Providers’ Program: Study Center. The subject area is: Reading K-4. One on one tutoring: one student for every one instructor. Maximum cost: Rs. 32/- per hour. Target group: Students living on the South side of District Hometown or attending school there. Following the standard elements of a proposal, the main guidelines: First, The Title Page. Then, The Abstract: Regular and consistent classes for improving the reading skills of economically backward children, to make a difference in their lives in all areas. Lesson plans include CIERA (Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement) strategies through guided reading. The over-all focus is on the six dimensions of reading instructions: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, text comprehension, and motivation. Introduction: Statement of the problem: Poor academic performance of non-native English speaking children, from poor families. Purpose of the work: To improve young children’s reading skills before they are caught in a cycle of failure.

The Change in Family Roles in British Society Essay Example for Free

The Change in Family Roles in British Society Essay Family structure and family roles within British society have changed dramatically over the years. This essay will explain the changes in the roles and relationships within the family in the last century. The arrival of the industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism can be seen as the main factor which led to the change in family roles and structure in modern times. Michael Young and Peter Willmott in their book The Symmetrical Family suggest that the family in England has gone through four stages: The Pre-industrial family: The family is seen as an organised unit of production; family members worked together as a unit in the manufacture of agricultural items or textiles. The early industrial family: Family members at this stage are employed as wage earners. This kind of family prevailed in the 19th century when wages were low and unemployment was the enemy. The familys economic function was taken over by large scale industry. In response, families extended their network of relationships to include relatives. Women were for the most part responsible for this. There was a central relationship between a mother and her married daughter; by contrast the husband-wife relationship was weak. Women formed an ‘informal trade union’ from which men were excluded. This kind of family may still be found in long established working class areas. The symmetrical family: The nuclear family has become emphasised at the expense of the extended family and the ‘trade union’ of women has been disbanded. The husband is important once again within the family. Husband and wife share decisions, and work together, hence the term ‘symmetrical’. This kind of family emerged in middle classes and spread into working classes. Work is important in shaping the nature of family life. There are five reasons for the rise of the symmetrical family. The increase in male wages and the employment of women, the decrease of male mortality and unemployment rate, the increase in geographical mobility, the economic equality between spouses and finally the better living standards attracting men to their homes and leading to an increase in home entertainment. The Stage 4 asymmetrical family: Young and Wilmott foresee the development of a stage 4 family, which is an extension of their theory of the ‘Principle of Stratified Diffusion’. According to this theory, patterns of living spread down the social structure. Thus families at the bottom of the social order will copy the habits of those at the top. Applying this theory, they note that managing directors’ lives are work centred rather than home-centred. For such men sport, such as golf, is an important area of recreation. The relationship has become asymmetrical again, with the role of the wife being to look after children. Talcott Parsons believed that the extended family of the past, where each member of the family had a duty to perform including children who had to look after the elderly members of their family, served a number of functions in society. These functions have been taken over in industrial societies by specialist institutions such as the social services and schools. According to Parsons, industrialisation led to a move from extended families where fathers had to be the bread winner and mothers had to be the house wife who does not have any rights, and children from age 8 had to be at work helping their parents, to a nuclear family, where mothers and fathers have almost the same roles and rights, and where children become less dependent and have to stay in school to the age of 16. The structure of the family has changed for a number of reasons. The first is economic. Because more women are in paid work they become more independent. Before, women used to be house wives and they had no rights at all. The second reason for family change is moral. In the past, people could not have children without being married, to the extent that children born outside marriage were given to their grandparents to look after them, or given to work houses. Nowadays, fewer people seem to subscribe to traditional religious teachings on family and marriage; therefore people are free to make sexual and moral choices without any pressure of society. The third reason for family change is legal. Because of recent family law changes it has become a lot easier to get divorced. Before 1857 a private act of parliament was required to obtain divorce and only wealthy people were able to get divorce because of the cost involved. In the past, child abuse and women battering by their husbands were accepted forms of behaviour and women had no right to complain or to take any legal action against men. The BMA report on Domestic Violence (1998) recorded that, 1 in 4 women every year experience Domestic violence and 1 in 10 women experience domestic violence in their lives. However, in 1990, the home office instructed the police to treat domestic violence the same as any form of violence. In 1961, for the first time, women were able to decide if they want to have children or not and whether to have family or not. Also women’s priorities changed from getting married, looking after the family and having as many children as possible. Nowadays, women’s priorities are totally different; they want to be educated and to have the best career they can possibly have. Previously, women had to cope with their partner, even if they do not get on well together, single parenting was not accepted at all Today the welfare state supports women and their children if a relationship fails. Therefore, single parent families are able to survive on low incomes, which are provided by the state. This may account for the recent increase in single parent families as compared with to those days when divorced women had no support whatsoever from the government. To sum up, the last hundred years have witnessed a tendency towards more equality between men and women in terms of education, employment and legal rights. This has led to better individual conditions for both men and women. However, family life has not necessarily benefitted from the above. Instead, single parent families, with their negative impact on children, have increased dramatically and new less natural alternatives to the nuclear family, such as gay associations, have appeared in society.

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business Essay

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business Essay This study began with a historical background of deregulation, government motives and the benefits the deregulation of downstream oil and gas industry will deliver to Nigerians. The literature review provided an assessment of the opinion of two schools of thought: the opposing and the supporting group for deregulation. Their different views gave insight into the various reasons why government should or should not deregulate the industry. The purpose of the study is aimed to answer three questions: (1) What informed governments deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment? 2) How can the government improve the implementation of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry to achieve the actual policy objective? (3) In what way can government encourage the private sector to fully participate in the downstream oil and gas deregulation exercise? In order to answer these questions, this study solicited the views of Nigerians and some industry professionals through self-administered questionnaires. Response by industry professionals addressed the perspective of strategic management, implementation, innovation and competitive forces. The response from other Nigerians addressed the perspective of effects, challenges and prospects of deregulation. By using broad theoretical approach, this study has demonstrated that a wider scope and broader assessment of the downstream oil and gas sector deregulation can be achieved. The theoretical framework has also been empirically tested through the questionnaire response and hypotheses that were carried out and it has proven to be effective in understanding the dynamics of the industrys deregulation programme. The responses provided by industry professionals answers the first question on what informed governments deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment. The second and third questions were also answered by them. Two respondents were not in support of deregulation, while the other two were in favour of the governments deregulation programme, stressing that deregulation is the only remedy for the problems in the oil and gas industry. Their views on the implementation of deregulation, control mechanism by regulatory agencies, innovation and competitive forces shows similar response. They feel government is not implementing deregulation properly and suggested a fully deregulated downstream oil and gas sector as against the current partial deregulation where NNPC is still involved in marketing activities and fixing product prices. On the aspect of government encouraging the oil marketers to ensure the success of deregulatio n, respondent (B) suggested providing loan facilities for them while, respondent (C) felt that providing a level playing field for equity and equal participation will drive the success of deregulation. From the analyses on quantitative data which illustrate the views and opinions of 150 Nigerians on the effects, challenges and prospects of the downstream oil and gas industry deregulation, we can infer that there is no significant difference in the response in support that deregulation would deliver positive effects to Nigerians and those against. The response on if challenges in the industry will hinder the success of deregulation also indicates no significant difference between those in support and those not in support. However, the response to the prospects of deregulation shows a significant difference in support that deregulation of the sector will facilitate better economic prospects and opportunities. In conclusion, based on the responses and views of Nigerians towards the downstream oil and gas deregulation, the study findings shows that deregulation of the sector is not properly implemented by the regulatory agencies. It also shows that the sector has been transformed to become competitive and market driven. It further reveals that the sector is not fully deregulated to enable market forces determine price, rather government is still fixing petroleum product prices. The overall result indicates that Nigerians are fully in support of deregulation of the sector, believing it will deliver positive effects, reduce challenges in the sector and create better prospects and opportunities. 6.2 Recommendation The purpose of this study is to examine the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. To establish this objective, an analysis was conducted to evaluate findings on the effects, challenges and prospects. The study also examined deregulation implementation, competitive forces and innovation in the industry. This study recommendation would be based on the research findings, which includes the following: The response from staff (C) as shown in the appendix, suggests that the government is yet to fully deregulate the industry and NNPC is also still involve in product importation and distribution. He argued that the intending benefits of deregulation can only be achieved if the government totally discontinues direct participation and concentrates its efforts on the regulatory role. Against this background, this study recommends that government should display seriousness in implementing complete deregulation in the sector in accordance with the original policy framework. More oil marketers should be licensed, opportunities for free entry and exist should be allowed to encourage competition, equal participation and equity should be practiced without any sacred cow and more importantly, the demand and supply mechanism should be allowed to determine prices. This is the conventional concept that is obtainable in most countries where deregulation is practiced. The need for government to encourage and support oil marketers is also recommended in order to assist them acquire loan facilities. This view is consistent with the response from respondent (A) and (B) that suggested the provision of loan schemes most especially to indigenous oil marketers to grow in the industry. They argued that if governments wants to ensure that fuel scarcity is nipped in the bud, loan facilities should be granted to them to avoid supply lapses. This view is also supported by Kolawole (2012) who observes that probe by legislators of the sector reveals that the local content policy by way of encouraging indigenous operators are not enforced as claimed by The Indigenous Ship Owners Association of Nigeria (ISOAN). The ISOAN accused the NNPC of deliberately side-lining Nigeria ship owners from lifting fuel both locally and international. The practice by NNPC will not encourage the deregulation program. A non-discriminatory system should be enforced, especially to the local oil marketers and vessel owners. Inefficiency and lack of integrity contributes largely to the major problems affecting the downstream oil and gas sector. Corruption is the main problem militating against the government policy agenda of deregulation (Auwal and Mamman, 2012). According to respondent (C) he posits that the government monitoring arm like the PPPRA, DPR NNPC and the security agents saddled with the responsibility of appraising and ensuring the success of deregulation are complete disappointment and have failed in their assigned responsibility because of their corrupt practices. This implies that government should fight corruption by ensuring that the agencies responsible for implementing and coordinating the deregulation program are monitored to ensure they discharge their jobs with integrity. Corrupt officers collaborating with fuel importing syndicates to frustrate government policies of proliferation of refineries in Nigeria should be fetched out, arrested and punished in order to serve as a deterren t to others. To maintain competitive advantage under the industrys current deregulation platform requires innovative and strategic approaches to gain market position. This view corresponds with the observation made by the industry respondents on the high competitive nature of the sector. Hence, prompting them to carry out market intelligence to have a competitive edge over their competitors. Essentially, the oil marketers should be more proactive by engaging in technological innovations, training courses, research and development in order for them to remain competitive. They should also invest in high tech facilities like oil discharge jetties, pipeline networks for oil and gas product distribution to their customers. According to Barney and Zajac (1994) competitive strategies depends significantly on firms resources and capabilities. However, if the strategies are not adopted, the capabilities are more likely to emerge during periods of turbulence and market instability. Hart (1995) also argues that innovative strategies can lead to the development of firms specific capabilities which can be a source of competitive advantage. The analysis of the downstream oil and gas industry using Porters Five forces framework shows that the threats of new entrants is low. The reason as observed by respondent A and B is that the sector is capitally intensive with the old oil marketers enjoying economies of scale and large customer loyalty. New entrants are struggling to penetrate the industry under the deregulated environment. The analysis also reveals that threats of substitute to petroleum products is low. According to respondent C there is over dependence on petroleum products in the country without any foreseeable alternative in the near future. The bargaining power of suppliers as observed by respondent A is high, NNPC is mainly the dominant importer and distributor with only few other importers participating. This study recommends that for deregulation to succeed, the government should promote alliances and mergers among the smaller marketers in the industry to enable them take market position. Government should a lso think of diversification into renewable energy sources like wind energy, tidal waves and solar energy which is in high abundance in the country. This will reduce the high demand and over dependence on petroleum products. More oil marketers should be encouraged to get involved in products importation and distribution. The refineries should also be privatized for them to function properly and discourage importation. 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