The Breadwinner Chapter 1

The Breadwinner: A STUDY GUIDE How to use the study guide: †¢Read the questions for each chapter BEFORE you read the novel. †¢Look for the answers as you read making sure to highlight the passages in the novel that assist you in answering the study guide questions. †¢Highlight in your text any quotations noted in the study guide. †¢Respond to the study guide questions in COMPLETE SENTENCES. You should write at least two-three thoughtful sentences for each question. Characters: -Parvane (11 years old, 6th grade) -Nooria (older sister) -Maryam (5 years – younger sister) -Mother -Father -Ali (2years – younger brother) Vocabulary Chapter 1 vocabulary Chador = a large piece of dark-colored cloth, typically worn by Muslim women, wrapped around the head and upper body to leave only the face exposed. Sentence: These women have to wear a chador. –Marveled = a wonderful or astonishing person or thing: the marvels of technology | Charlie, you're a marvel ! Sentence: That child is really marveled. -Labyrinth = Anatomy a complex structure in the inner ear that contains the organs of hearing and balance. It consists of bony cavities (the bony labyrinth) filled with fluid and lined with sensitive membranes (the membranous labyrinth). Sentence: Going through a labyrinth is very hard and onfusing. -Relented = abandon or mitigate a harsh intention or cruel treatment: she was going to refuse his request, but relented. (Esp. of bad weather) become less severe or intense: by evening the rain Sentence: Your parents relented you when you were very young. -Forbade = refuse to allow (something): environmental laws forbid alteration of the coast. See note at prohibit order (someone) not to do something: I was forbidden from leaving Russia | [trans. ] my doctor has forbidden me to eat sugar. Sentence: She forbade you to wear that. -Decreed = an official order issued by a legal authority.Sentence: Mr. President issued a decreed that we are not to de al with any of those matters. -Scampered = (esp. of a small animal or child) run with quick light steps, esp. through fear or excitement Sentence: She scampered along the road. -Burqa = a long, loose garment covering the whole body, worn in public by many Muslim women. Sentence: The Taliban requests all women wearing a burqa. How has Parvanas life changed since the Taliban took control? She lost everything. First when the bombing began she couldn’t go to school anymore because all females were required to stay inside their house.At first she actually liked it but then when she realized the consequences she started understanding. As the war continued more bombs came and one hit their home. It was a nice house with many rooms and her father had a good job and with that nice income. But this first bomb destroyed everything they had to move and but the worst her father lost his legs. As they kept moving their housing began to shrink every time they had a smaller house until now t hey only have 1 room in a half destroyed apartment. This doesn’t give anyone of her family any privacy so they have a tuff time with that.Also her father now since he can read and write works on the marked and reads letters for money. Also they sell their family belongings. Parvana actually gets a chance to go outside because she has to help her dad walk since he also sold his fake legs. When the Taliban see her, her father always finds a good excuse so nothing really happens. CHAPTER ONE (p. 7-18) 1. Why does Parvana have to hide her face and voice when she goes to the marketplace with her father? What will happen if she doesn’t? The Taliban who at that stage rule the country don’t allow any female to be outside their house except if they wear a burqa and have a male guardian.They are only allowed to show their hair and face to close relatives. Parvana can only come outside on the marked because her father needs help to walk and since he doesn’t has any other child strong enough it as to be Parvana. She can show her face because she is still a child and no women. She is not supposed to talk because she isn’t supposed to be out of the house so she should act as if she wasn’t there. Mostly the Taliban are fine with it that Parvana helps her father and there is no other option. But if a older women would do the same and not be totally covered she would be punished badly. . How old is Parvana? How is age significant for a girl living in a society governed by the Taliban? Parvana is 11. This is important because it shows she is still a child. The Talban aren’t as strict about the rules with being covered up and staying inside with a child. Also her father can have much better excuses for her than for his wife or older daughter. 3. How does Parvana initially feel about not being able to go to school? What does Nooria understand about this situation that Parvana does not? At first Parvana didn’t get the whole s ituation so she actually enjoyed it.At that point Nooria actually did get the situation and hated Parvana for being so stupid. She knew the Taliban wouldn’t let them go to school for a very long time and they would probably not e educated. As Parvana began to understand the whole situation she started feeling like Nooria did. 4. How does Parvana’s father currently make a living for the family? Why has he chosen this as his occupation? He reads and writes letters for people. Almost no one went to college and many couldn’t even read. He actually could and also in many different languages. He also sold the family belongings on the marked for some extra money.Actually this family is lucky for having someone with such rare talent so people don’t really have a choice except for paying her father to read their letters to them. 5. Describe the living conditions Parvana and her family currently exist in. Compare them to the family’s previous living situatio n. Their house is very small and food is rare. They have to go get the water from outside their house. Also almost all of their belongings are sold. It is a one-room apartment in a half bombed down house. There is no privacy for any of them. Also it gets even worse since only two of them can go outside.It is usually for the rest just cleaning. Before they had good income and a huge house. All of them were able to go outside and have fun. They had flowing water and much food. 6. What is the Taliban? Describe the restrictions they place on the people of Kabul. The Taliban are a group of religious extremists. They ruled Afghanistan from Kabul. From their law no women could go outside except with their husband or their permission. Also they started war so bombs destroyed much. A grown up women had to cover her whole body in public and could only show her body to close relatives. CHAPTER TWO (p. 19-33) 1.Explain the mixed emotions Parvana feels about carrying water for her family. She kn ows that she is the only one who can do the job but also sometimes she is so tired that Parvana would give a lot for not doing it. Adding to that she is really angry about it that her sister always comments what she does. Usually only her anger and responsibility for her family give her the power to finish the task. 2. Explain who Hossain is. Got killed. 3. â€Å"’How can we be brave? ’ Nooria asked. ‘We can’t even go outside. ’ ‘There are many types of battles,’ Father said quietly. ’† (29) Explain what Father means in the above quotes.How does he want his daughters to be brave? A battle doesn’t have to be with weapons. The thing that hurts most aren’t physical pains its metal one. Fighting with words or just surviving under such Bad live circumstances is being brave. Also to fight the temptation to just go outside and probably gets killed through that is a huge battle. 4. â€Å"As the soldiers pried her lo ose, she heard her father say, ‘Take care of the others, my Malali. ’ Then he was gone. † (31) Who is Malali? Why does Parvana’s father call her that and ask her to care for the others? Malali is a brave girl from a story.The Afghans were about to lose a big battle but then she came and led the army to win. It always was Parvanas favorite story and her father knew she would do everything to be like Malali so she would take care of the family. She would try being as strong and brave as the girl in the story her father knew. 5. â€Å"Father’s books! †¦Some were English books about history and literature. They were kept hidden because the Taliban burned books they didn’t like. † (32) What does this quote explain about the Taliban and the difficult position Parvana’s father would have been in once they took power in Afghanistan?The Taliban only respected their own couture and with that also their language. If someone was educate d somewhere else they said their mind was twisted and they now are bad people. The English books were evidence that her father was educated in England and the Taliban wouldn’t like that at all. Also after Parvanas father was taken away these books were basically the only things that remained them of him. 6. Why do you believe the Taliban took Parvana’s father away? They think his mind was twisted through the education in a different country. They though he is someone bad. Also their religion was if they kill someone bad they would be good.Another thing is they say if someone goes away to be educated he is saying his home country is bad. CHAPTER THREE (p. 34-43) 1. List the ways the Taliban restricts the movement, dress and behavior of women and girls as noted in the novel thus far. Women have to wear burqas when they go outside and they have to have a male guardian or permission from their husband. As child the rules weren’t so strict for Parvana and since she i s the only option the Taliban allowed it. If women showed any part of their body in public she would be punished. Only close relatives were allowed to see her. Can’t go to work, school.Can’t make eye contact with man. No public transportation. 2. Why was the act of Parvana and her mother traveling to the prison to find Father such a difficult one? Because women on their own can’t ride the bus. Also due the long Burqa Parvanas mother had to wear they couldn’t walk fast. The way to the prison was long and the roads destroyed. Had photographs but they were illegal? 3. How do Parvana and her mother attempt to get her father out of prison and what is the result? They were keeping telling the guards that he didn’t do anything and they should let him go free. Also that they want him back.But then they got beaten up. 4. â€Å"Helping Mother down the broken stairs was a little like helping Father, as the billowing burqa made it hard for her to see where sh e was going. † (39) What does this passage imply about the impact of a burqa on the movement and daily activity of a woman? Why would the Taliban desire such an impact? It shows that through the dress code of the Taliban women weren’t able to really walk also the bombing destroyed many roads and buildings which made it even harder. CHAPTER FOUR (p. 44-53) 1. â€Å"’If we had left Afghanistan when we had the chance, I could be doing my work! ’ ‘We are Afghans.This is our home. If all the educated people leave, who will rebuild the country? ’† (45) Parvana says this is an argument her parents frequently have. Explain her mother’s side of the argument and her father’s side of the argument. Why is their’s such a difficult position to be in? Her mother said they had a chance to leave the country but they didn’t. Since both mother and father in Parvanas Family are educated they are part of the higher standard group of people. Her fathers argument is that Afghanistan will need smart people to rebuild the country after the Taliban were gone. Mother wants to do their job.If there are no other educated people who wants to kick out the taliban 2. Why is Parvana the only member of the family who can go out and purchase food while her father is in prison? Her sister is to old to just safely go outside without a man and Ali is too young. But she is still a girl so she can go outside and buy food. 3. â€Å"Now I’ve got her, Parvana thought. I can make her as miserable as she makes me. But she was surprised to find that this thought gave her no pleasure. Maybe she was too tired and too hungry. Instead of turning her back, she took the money from her sister’s hand (53).This quotation points to the ongoing conflict between the sisters. Explain why Parvana initially thinks she will be able to make Nooria miserable. Because if Parvana would not go, and get the food, her sister would certainl y have to, and without her father being there she was scared. Discuss why you believe that thought does not give Parvana any pleasure. Because Nooria always was mean to Parvana and Parvana had never had a real chance to give that back. CHAPTER FIVE (p. 54-62) 7. Parvana begins to change once her father has been put in prison. Characterize the change that begins to occur in Parvana.What does she do that shows this change and explain why she is changing. She actually was responsible enough to go on the marked and get the food also she got water for her family. She could have tortured Nooria but she didn’t instead she just did her work. 8. Who is Mrs. Weera and why is her visit to Parvana’s family so important? She worked with Parvanas mother together and needs a piece of writing. She is one of the old friends of the family and now she builds them up again. Gym teacher Parvanas Teacher. CHAPTER SIX (p. 63-73) 1. â€Å"They were going to turn her into a boy† (63).Ex plain the plan Mrs. Weera and the family come up with. Why must Parvana make the final decision if the plan was to work. They wanted to turn her into a boy so she could earn money and go on the marked freely. To cut her hair of and make her look like a boy isn’t to hard and the rest could also force her to do it but the acting on the marked and the talking was her job and if she doesn’t want to do it there would be no way to force her. 2. When Parvana goes out in the street dressed as a boy she feels different. Explain the difference in her feelings and why this is so.She feels free and another thing as a girl she always tried to hide now if she just acts normal she has the best Hiding ever its just another boy running around the streets. 3. The important characters in The Breadwinner are†¦(list five and a brief description of each) a. Parvana – very strong heart, doesn,t like older sister b. Parvana as boy = does everything to help family actually works to gether with her sister c. Nooria = grumpy but takes responsibility for family d. Mother = after father was taken away depressions e. Father = always believed in Parvana CHAPTER SEVEN (p. 74-82) 1.Parvana reads a letter for a Talib. What is surprising about his reaction to the letter? Why? Before she thought Taliban weren’t human they had no feelings and were cold blooded. But then she realized that they actually are human and only do what they belief in and that some are forced to do so. CHAPTER EIGHT (p. 83-94) 1. Why does Mrs. Weera move in with Parvana and her family? She and Parvanas Mother want to make their own magazine and also she wants to bring the family back on track. 2. What excellent idea does Parvana have regarding her freedom as a boy and how she can help her mother and sister?Why might Nooria object to the idea? She as male guardian could take them outside and there would be no risk. Taking them out after a year and a half of a small closed room improves their mood by a lot. 3. What does Parvana discover about the blacked-out window? Make a prediction about what might happen later in the novel in relation to the window. There is a woman who lets stuff come to her to tell some kind of message. Maybe at the end she will help them or she will betray them. CHAPTER NINE (p. 95-103) 1. Describe the conditions of Shauzia’s life (family, work, home).Why might it be helpful to Parvana to know about the difficulties of another girl her age? She has even les money and their living conditions are really bad. 2. In this chapter, plans for the magazine and a school for girls begin to develop. What are the plans and why are such conversations so important for Parvana, Mother, Mrs. Weera and Nooria? This would give girls a chance to actually learn again and do something different from just staying at home. Also it is finally something to do for Nooria and her Mother. The magazine lets other people around the world know whats going on in Afghanist an.CHAPTER TEN (p. 104-113) 1. What do the girls decide to do to make more money? Why do you think Parvana has trouble morally with the idea of this money-making scheme? They decided to dig up bones on a grave yard and sell them to the â€Å"bone Bocker†. Higher money income. Because she asks her self the question if their families would be mad and if the dead person themselves would. 2. When Parvana has to go to the bathroom in the middle of the day, she is very scared. Explain why. What would you have done in her place? She is firstly scared that someone finds out she is no boy and also because of landmines.She heard many stories about them and that she could blow up any second. I wouldn’t go dig up bones in the first place. CHAPTER ELEVEN (p. 114-122) 1. Why does Parvana cry when she returns from the graveyard? Is she being immature? She cries because all these pictures of skulls on a grave stone and bones come back into her mind. No she isn’t because it is h ard enough even being able to ruin other peoples graves. 2. Why does Parvana want to continue digging up bones? Because she makes more money that way, so she and her friend have some left over’s for their money making idea. . What gift drops on Parvana’s head in this chapter? It was a red wooden bead. 4. Why does Parvana feel that arguing with Nooria just doesn’t make sense any more? Because they all have to help each other and stick together to get through this hard situation, and also because she thinks she or Nooria have changed. 5. Parvana can’t stand to eat her nan at lunch and gives it to a beggar instead. What does this action reveal about Parvana? What does she recognize about food in their society? It shows that digging up the bones actually effects her and makes her feel bad.Also that there isn’t much food in society. 6. The girls decide to go sell their goods at a soccer match. When they get to the stadium, they see something very differ ent from a soccer match going on. What do they witness? That the Taliban cut of hands of thief. As a brutal way of punishment. CHAPTER TWELVE (p. 123-134) 1. Mother’s reaction to the events at the soccer stadium is â€Å"What century are we living in? † (123). What does she mean when she says this? She means that no one profits from this and that almost no one likes or is even ok with the situation.She means that many years ago this was done and she feels like they life in a society of that time. 2. â€Å"No one said anything to Parvana when the bread ran out, but she got up and went to work that day anyway. Some things just had to be done† (124). What does this passage reveal about Parvana, especially in comparison to her behavior at the beginning of the novel? She changed a lot she now is very responsible and knows what she has to do she won’t even complain about it anymore, because it feels just right. 3. Shauzia tells Parvana she has a plan to leave.P arvana wonders how she can leave her family. What do both girls struggle with at the prospect of fleeing Afghanistan? Why does Shauzia feel like a bad person? That they have to leave their family behind also they have to decide fast because their body is changing and the can’t keep up the cover. Also her family will not survive if she leaves since she is their breadwinner. 4. Parvana’s sense of what is â€Å"normal† has changed. Explain this change. She starts to stick with the situation and also to accept it at the beginning she wasn’t open to any changes and still thought about the past.Because her life of sitting at the marked and trying to be invisible and then pretending to be a boy and taking over the family responsibilities. 5. Explain how Nooria and Mrs. Weera starting the school for girls is a form of resistance against the Taliban. They only have very few girls and sometimes she goes to the students sometimes the students come. They wanted to gi ve the girls education which the Taliban stoped. CHAPTER THIRTEEN (p. 135-143) 1. Why does Nooria decide to marry a man she hardly knows? What will the benefits of the union be? She can finally start her own life and she thinks she chance educated there.She thinks that the Taliban have less power there. 2. Parvana refuses to go to Mazar for the wedding yet she sulks when her mother decides not to take Parvana with her. Explain why Parvana might feel such mixed emotions. Because its her sisters wedding and the whole family should be there also the trip is dangerous. She wants to stay for her friend and also in case her father comes back. She has to work for the money. 3. As Nooria leaves, Parvana teases her. A change in their relationship is evident. Explain how things used to be and how they are now as the two sisters anticipate being separated.Why do you believe this change has come about? At the beginning Parvana and Nooria hated each other and every kind of teasing started a figh t. Now since the situation got so bad they started working together and actually acting like sisters. CHAPTER FOURTEEN (p. 144-154) 1. What kind and courageous act does Parvana carry out in this chapter? She brings a home she doesn’t even know. This was risky because this women didn’t wear a burqa and not even a chador. She would be in much trouble if the Taliban found them. 2. Describe what the Kabul of the past was like.In the past Kabul was the hotspot of Asia. There used to be lights through the whole night and the nightlive was amazing. 3. Why does Parvana think of herself as â€Å"Malali leading the troops through enemy territory? † (148). Because she helps that women and this task was very risky. Also because she was pretending to be a boy even though she is a girl. 4. What terrible news does Parvana receive once Homa has rested, eaten and is able to speak? Why would she not have heard about this before? That the Taliban took over Mazar and killed many pe ople, since her family was there she thinks they are dead.She didn’t hear of that before because there are no news through telivision or radio. 5. How does Parvana respond to this news? Why do you think she deals with the situation this way? First she does the same thing as her mother but then she gets back up and continues fighting. All this for the case if her father comes back. CHAPTER FIFTEEN (p. 155-166) 1. Parvana begins to feel better in this chapter. What is the source of her new sense of purpose and hope? Her father has come home so she actually has a thing to fight for. She hoped since her father came back the rest of the faily may also come home. . Shauzia wants desperately to leave Afghanistan. What is Parvana’s reaction to this desire? What is Mrs. Weera’s response to Parvana’s request that Shauzia go with her to Pakistan? Parvana wants to help her friend but Miss Weera doesn’t want to take her to Pakistan because she thinks its not ri ght. 3. Why does Parvana plant flowers in the spot where she usually sells in the marketplace? As a gift to the women behind the dark window, and as a goodbye. To show the window women she isn’t coming back. 4. The flowers draw the attention of many people. What might the flowers be a symbol of in the novel?Because it is something butifull and a sign of peace. Which both is really rare in this situation. Because they believed the flower isn’t going to grow and Parvana is foolish to even try. 5. The future is uncertain for Shauzia and Parvana but the make a plan to see each other in twenty years. What is the plan and what does Parvana wonder about as she departs from Kabul? They plan is that they meet each other on the first day of spring on the top of the ifel tower in Paris. Parvana wonders about what her country is going to be like in that time and if both of them survive the time.

How to Empower Employees Essay

In today’s marketplace it is more important than ever to implement employee empowerment policies in order to keep a competitive advantage. An empowered employee feels in control of their position, as well as a valued member of their organization. These employees have a sense of job enrichment which creates a more productive work environment for them, as well as their coworkers. Employee empowerment is a way to allot power in the company while raising productivity and creating job fulfillment in the organization. This helps to offer some valuable advantages to the organization and lowers the employee turnover rate (Korkmaz, 2012). There are many different ways a company can increase employee empowerment. A few important examples are by allowing for a large degree of autonomy, creating jobs with significance and areas for future advancement, giving and receiving employee feedback, and having a competitive benefit and compensation program for employees. These enrichment techniques will help to improve productivity, create higher employee morale, relieve some of the pressure on management, and help to recruit high-skilled individuals for employment (Gerhart, Hollenbeck, Noe, 2011). The most important technique with regards to employee enrichment is Autonomy, which is adding more freedom in the decision making ability an employee holds. This is a great way to empower an employee. Two examples of this would be giving an employee the ability to decide the best process for creating a project, rather than instructing them on definite steps to take. One may also receive the authority to handle customer complaints. These critical thinking practices will make an employee much more involved in their position, while helping to relieve management of the constant supervision of less important tasks (Hardrà © & Reeve, 2009). Another effective method would be creating a position which conveys a sense of importance, as well as having the possibility for promotion. This is a great way to create a long lasting relationship with an employee, while also encouraging them to strive for future advancement. Stressing the importance of the job at hand will motivate the employee, while giving them a greater sense of pride in the position they hold. This could be demonstrated by getting the employee involved in the bigger picture of what a company is trying to accomplish (Gerhart et al, 2011). Another technique with regards to employee enrichment is giving and receiving employee feedback. This action helps to motivate the employee by constructing positive reinforcement on the favorable aspects of their performance. This aids in guiding the employee with direct future expectations and goals, while also verbally rewarding them for their positive characteristics. This is a very motivating, yet cost effective technique that will benefit both the employee and the company. By also allowing the employee to give feedback regarding management and production, the employee gains a feeling that their opinion is meaningful and beneficial to the operations of the company(Harms & Roebuck, 2010). The last example for creating employee empowerment is to have a competitive benefit plan for employees. Along with some of the benefits included in a standard plan, some examples of benefits that empower employees could include letting an employee create their own schedule, giving extra time off for meeting certain requirements, and the ability to choose certain assignments over others. Other ways to empower employees through benefits would be to allow each member to pick and choose what benefits are right for them based on their specific lifestyles. (Gerhart et al, 2011). Empowering employees is an important aspect for any company. There are many enrichment techniques that can be implemented to improve productivity, raise employee morale, and recruit high skilled employees for future success. By applying these techniques, management gives their company the competitive advantage over the rest, while creating long lasting relationships with their employees. References Gerhart, B., Hollenbeck, J., Noe, R., Wright, P. (2011). Analyzing Work and Designing Jobs. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 95-116, 390-404. Hardrà ©, P. L., & Reeve, J. (2009). Training corporate managers to adopt a more autonomy-supportive motivating style toward employees: an intervention study. International Journal Of Training & Development, 13(3), 165-184. Harms, P. L., & Roebuck, D. (2010). Teaching the Art and Craft of Giving and Receiving Feedback. Business Communication Quarterly, 73(4), 413-431. Korkmaz, O. (2012). Differences in Employees’ Perception of Employee Empowerment Practices. European Journal Of Social Science, 34(1), 43-57.

Appeal Of The Nazi Party History Essay

Appeal Of The Nazi Party History Essay After World War I the country of Germany was no utopia leaving it vulnerable and a perfect target for the Nazi Party. There was depression, food shortage, disorder, social upheaval, anger and a loss of faith within the German citizens. The citizens were all frantically and desperately looking for someone or some party to take charge of the situation, make it better not only for individuals but the country as a whole. One can say that when the Nazi party stepped out of the shadow and into the light, the German citizens were blinded by their past sufferings and anxious desires that they did not see the Nazi party for what it truly was. Nevertheless, the Nazi party was capable of gaining control for a number of reasons; using the past government’s mistakes for their benefit, they used the existing economic troubles to attract people to their party, they used the help of the always appealing and nationalist Hitler but the Nazi party was able to maintain control and power over the country and the minds of citizens through the use of propaganda. The technique of propaganda used by the Nazi party contributed to the success of the political party because it was able to help them gain support from the people of Germany by influencing their minds that contributed to their actions, blind the world into what was in fact the party’s goal and propaganda led to the massacre that occurred within World War II. Nazi propaganda was aimed at appealing to emotions rather than sound or even reasoning and behind it all were messages that were brain washing. Propaganda eliminated individuals so only the Nazi party itself existed and with only one party existing the citizens of Germany were trapped within their own country. The past of Germany allowed the Nazi party to come into the country and use propaganda to take control and maintain power. The Nazis used propaganda to let German citizens who they were and what their power would do. Nazis used propaganda to get the G erman citizens to tag along with what they believed and brought them into a country of chaos, death and a country that alone started World War II. If it was not for the extreme use of propaganda the appeal of the Nazi party would have not been as influential as it was with the German citizens. In Nazi Propaganda written by Zeman he defines propaganda as the art of persuasion: persuading others that one ‘side of the story’ is correct. Propaganda might take the form of persuading others that military might is too great to be challenged; that political might within a nation is too great or popular to challenge or that a government should not be challenged since it is looking out for the best for the nation. Within Nazi Germany, Hitler issued Dr. Joseph Goebbels as head of propaganda. Joseph Goebbels had one important responsibility as the head of propaganda which were to ensure that no one in Germany could observe or examine anything that was argumentative or harmful to the Nazi party. In Nazi Propaganda by Zeman, the author also states that in order to ensure that all was going as followed within Germany; the Reich Chamber of Commerce was established. The organization dealt with literature, art, music, radio, films and newspapers. Each aspect of German society slowly was manipulated into German propaganda which was led by the Nazis. Propaganda was the only way that the Nazi party was able to maintain control because the citizens continued to believe and follow the actions of the party.

Women swimming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women swimming - Essay Example Several sport centres are coming up these days to help people introduce sports in their daily routine. The purpose of these centres is to expose and orient people to different kinds of sports and activities. One such sport community was visited by me. This is called Muslim Welfare House. The Muslim Welfare  House (MWH) is a community and sports centre in North London. It was founded in 1970 and is a registered charity since 1975. It was originally established to assist Muslim students coming to UK get education. However, over the years, the focus of the charity changed and the multi-purpose building began to serve a dual purpose of a mosque as well as a community centre. The centre provides all sorts of social, cultural, learning activities for more than 15 nationalities, ranging from Algerians and Somalis, to Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. The organization is managed by an Executive Director along with six full time and three part time staff members. A good number of volunteers also participate actively. The programmes and activities in the centre involve high quality, affordable sports and leisure activities for all members of the local community from the ages of 5-90 years and above. The sports include Karate, Football, Table tennis. The centre also has a gym for fitness. The current study was undertaken to study a specific sport in the centre and to assess the operation of the sport centre. The study further looked into various programmes and activities run by the centre. Prior to data collection, first step was familiarization with the centre by making a visit to the centre. Observation technique and interview method was used. This was further facilitated by discussions with the staff in the centre. A checklist for the observation was prepared to be used as a reference to observe the various activities in the centre. Observation of all the

How do we explain the stance of the Fatimid Empire towards the Essay

How do we explain the stance of the Fatimid Empire towards the Crusades - Essay Example 22). The early church used crusades to gain political and economic power; they influenced their adherents and led them to fight for the interest of a select few who formed the leadership of the church. Faith dictates the mental state of an individual a tool that the early church used to influence their adherents into war against the Islamic faith. With the aid of the western countries of the time, which included knights from several countries in the region and other ordinary citizens such as peasants, the Roman Catholic therefore invaded Seljuq Turks from Anatolia and captured the holy city of Jerusalem overthrowing the unsuspecting Muslims. The raid also freed the Eastern Christians from the oppressing control of the Muslims at the time. The success of the attack led to the formation of other subsequent crusades in attack of Muslims and other smaller religions of the time. The Christians established crusader estates in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch and the co untry of Tripoli in North Africa. The aim of the crusader states was to quell any subsequent Muslim invasion in the regions thereby creating solid Christian territories. Religion survives on evangelism which results in the spread of the religion to different regions across the world. With the effective coordination of the military arm of the church, Christianity would spread and enjoy a peaceful existence. However, the development of the crusade and its subsequent attacks on the regions that the Christians considered volatile angered other religions key among which was Islam. The attack on regions around Jerusalem resulted in the merciless massacre of thousands of Muslims and Jews among other non-Christian groups in the region. The victory of the first crusade led to the creation of the crusade estates in strategic key locations among which was the North African state of Tripoli. The region was under a strong influence of Islam following the creation of the Fatimid dynasty (LEV, 199 0 p. 42). The Fatimid Empire, first established in Tunisia, was a movement and later become both a political and religious movement that governed the entire North African region and later spread to other parts of the Middle East where it gained extensive control and influence on the people. The Dynasty had more than a political motivation. Began by a cousin and a sister to the Holy prophet Mohamed, the dynasty sought to earn authority for the religion and therefore consolidate its authority in the region and spread it to other parts of the world. Located in the North East of Africa, Tunisia was not a strategic location to headquarter an empire that had a dream of controlling the entire Arab world. It therefore led to an inversion of the expansive regions in Northern Africa pushing its headquarters to Egypt, a kingdom that bordered Tripoli. Lying close to each other, the republic of Tripoli with a crusade state and the Egypt now serving as headquarter to the greatest Islamic outfit, the two regions became hindrances to the freedom of each other. While the Christians had a vision of spreading their gospel to every country in the world including the Islamic states, the Muslims led by the Fatimid Empire had a similar vision of spreadi

Communion by Extension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communion by Extension - Essay Example Communion by Extension is an extension or expansion of the rite of Holy Communion in areas and at times wherein priests are not available for whatever reason. Holy Communion or Holy Mass is a weekly ceremony in church where the liturgy of the Word and the liturgy of the Eucharist are observed culminating in the consecration of the bread and wine for the communion of the faithful. Three churches in Great Britain have introduced this service – the Roman Catholic Church, the Methodist Church and the Church of England – amidst considerable controvery, according to Tovey (2009 p 1). It is the objective of this paper to examine this practice for its theological, liturgical and other considerations or implications with the end in view of adding enrichment and expanded understanding of the rite in the midst of the ongoing animated discussions on the subject. It is also hoped that the analysis may aid in providing guidance to non-ordained ministers who may be positioned to officiate in such a rite of the need to take extreme care in the officiating in the face of such unresolved milieu. What Is Communion by Extension? ... This practice of extended communion was officially allowed under the Guidelines approved by the House of Bishops in October 2000. Under the guidelines, communion by extension may be done only by explicit permission from the Bishop, emphasising the rite’s exceptional nature. Even when a parish has already secured a written authority to use the Commission by Extension service, the Sunday Holy Communion which is the main regular service must continue as a regular ceremony. The extension service may be led only by a person specifically authorised by the Bishop, and this person must ensure that proper care and dignity must be given to every detail of the ceremony so that it does not lose its solemnity and essence. Such a permission is always considered provisional and presumes that the service is not in itself a celebration of Holy Communion but enables the worshipping community to participate â€Å"by extension.† It is also presumed that the rules for its conduct shall stri ctly follow the Guidelines in form and substance. The act of allowing the faithful to receive communion without being part of the consecration in a Communion by Extension assumes that the gathering of the people is not a substitute for the Sunday service, which is mandated as a regular service, and is allowed only because a priest is not available to preside over a eucharistic celebration. Under this assumption, the receiving of the reserved sacrament is identified as part of the earlier Eucharistic rite and is therefore symbolically identified and linked to the universal church (Taylor, 2009 p 164). This Communion by Extension has been approved in the Anglican Church under heavy questioning over such authority granted to the laity. Some Theological Considerations A non-ordained person

Mental Illness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental Illness - Research Paper Example This is one area that may have needed a change in the carrying out of the study. In my opinion, it would be best to have families record some of the behavioral changes that they have witnessed since the closing of the study. This would provide ample information about the progress of the education and techniques taught during the study. In light of the above, there are some things that I would strive to change, for instance; the focus placed on families would have to be increased. It is evident from the study that children do not have specific techniques that could help in diagnosing and treating their psychosocial disorders. Only adults are reported as having such techniques, which are designed to cater to their needs such as the expressed emotion model discussed in the study (Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold & Gavazzi, 2003). According to the study, the above mentioned technique deals with adults. However, it can also pave way for the understanding of children, and their relationships with their parents. This is by allowing researchers to connect with everyone in the families that are participating in the study. The concept of expressed emotion is a way in which researchers assume that individuals previously diagnosed with a mood disorder may relapse. In my opinion, trying to find a suitable model/technique that caters to both the parents and their children would be the best way to go about this study. Psychoeducation is a means of trying to reduce the levels of the EE (Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold & Gavazzi, 2003). This education involves trying to connect people; namely; the therapeutic team and the families being tested. This relationship may lead to understanding between the parties involved, hence; better management. This may be the best as it connects parents, families, and children together as they all try to comprehend the nature of their problems. Researchers can develop trust and establish a common ground on which everyone may understand what they need to do, an d when to do it. Population average may give a rough estimate of the entire area, and all that is required to come up with conclusive results from that area from selected participants. Setting up modern-day research facilities may work toward having families being studied keenly and monitored closely for any changes in behavior. The manic and depressive states of the affected parties may be easily monitored in these areas, which may allow research teams a better insight into how to deal with the participants. Children may also have different activities depending on their age-groups and characteristics. Sports and games are one way to do this. Having them interact with each other may determine the extent to which they might be affected by some of the common disorders that are present (Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold & Gavazzi, 2003). Developing research questions that are out to provide information on past and previous behavioral patterns may be part of the changes to be done. Past and prev ious behavioral patterns, for example; unexplained mood changes and behavior change in different time spans may assist in determining the level at which people are in terms of disorders These tendencies are checked to determine the possible psychological symptoms and relapse of individuals to their past disorders and psychosocial tendencies. This is a way of looking at how individuals, for example; children, may be affected

(Ethics and Communication) Illinois among states to settle with Article

(Ethics and Communication) Illinois among states to settle with GlaxoSmithKline - Article Example Although the two main ingredients: Kytril and Bactroban were not fully contaminated, the tablets possessed not a full dose of an active ingredient which did not satisfy the appropriate percentage of the substance listed in the bottle. Although the company denied of fraud, the head attorney confirmed that the accusation was legit and the attempt to earn revenue through illegal practices were exercised. Without a doubt, this article depicted the controversy related to a company who was charged of fraud because of varied content of substance in their capsules. Although the company has an excellent reputation for following compliances implemented by the government; these type of instances should still be taken into account. Ethically speaking, the company should have made some attempt to at least inquire with the FDA to discuss the gravity of this situation. However, the company instead is denying the charges that it made to benefit itself in the long-run. Clearly, this type of hostile a ttitude does not only poses a risk for corporate ethics; it also serves as a reminder of these type of scenarios can be detrimental to society itself. Corporations must make it their obligation to take responsibility in any sort of moral dilemmas so they lives of many can be saved.

Community College of Denver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community College of Denver - Essay Example Additionally, it was considered that Science Building would â€Å"physically and visually connect the Auraria campus to the greater Denver community†, so the â€Å"building’s floor-to-ceiling windows† were designed accordingly – to attract passers-by to come in and see what is inside (Wausau Group 1). Thus, in short, the building was supposed to perform a connection between beauty and science. And Donald Lipskis sculpture was called to embody this connection. Referring to the idea, Lipski noted that the common feature between artists and scientists is their â€Å"passion for discovery†, which â€Å"just takes different paths†. The artist believes the â€Å"public institutions of higher education should emphasize and include culture at every opportunity† (Wiebesiek). Psyche is 10 feet high and about 14.5 feet across butterfly sculpture made of steel, resin and glass. It has two pairs of wings – the 8 feet across top wings and 6 feet across bottom wings. Psyche consists of black metal frame which outlines the form of a sculpture with its wings covered with stainless steel net, from where 10,000 test tubes filled with liquid yellow, orange and red acrylic resin are hanging. Donald Lipski explained that test tubes â€Å"are among the most basic and familiar tools of science† (Wiebesiek), which are utilized in medicine as well as physics or chemistry. Moreover, the usage of test tubes in this project is rather symbolic – it indicates the sculpture is not some separate item of design but the one that, in its structure, reflects scientific atmosphere of a place. Hanging at 60 º angle, the butterfly slowly drifts in the air, moved by the air flows of air-conditioning system. While moving and sharing its various shades colors all around, the sculpture resembles a â€Å"monumental stained glass window† (CCI), causing an awesome impression and excitement. From Greek the word â€Å"psyche† can be

Qualifying Exam Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Qualifying Exam Practice - Essay Example Recently, some certain theorists made focus upon the vast stands of the opposing paradigms in the ultimate pursuance of theoretical clarity in this matter of voter legislation. Nonetheless, it now appears as if it is a renewed matter in integrating and infusing social theories towards a more known and balanced paradigm (Bell, 1992). The article of voter legislation woes, does review some of these considerations that should be highlighted by the parliament, and hence encourage further inquiry and progression into the social theory models, especially as they link to the conflict in question, and its resolution application both locally and internationally. Moreover, certain key concepts would be proposed as a continuous step toward attaining this objective in the United States of America. The initial step relates to a theoretical widening of C. Wright’s concept of sociological imagination. The second step is postulated by George Ritzer’s interest in meta-theories and it ex plains the infusion of ideas from his Major levels of social analysis model. The last one concerns the exploration of new dimensions and entails the dynamics of the social cubism model by Sean (Bew, 1990). With the fall of communism and the Cold war geo[[political order, three interlinked tendencies surface namely, the growing disempowerment of ideologies based on modern rationality, the formation of a new transnational order with an integrated financial mechanism, standards and measures of production and consumption, and the relative fall of the centralized nation state, and modern territorial sovereignty. When viewed critically, all these had an effect on the current voter identification legislation issue of the United States of America. The rise of ethno political conflicts can be shaped by both indigenous aspects and global limitations. Levels of communal linkages shape such conflicts. For ethno political conflicts, both the relations and the international system that occur amon g the nations states must be taken into consideration. In the international system, the circulation of capital, ideologies, and the use of certain crucial powers affect the rise of conflict between and within states (Bell, 1992). The importance of micro-national problems state that structures brought ethno political conflict leading to micro and macro tensions and issues of stalemates. The state can be considered to be losing some aspects of its original power of a self-identity by itself, which is a common, and a self-governing legitimacy. Social and class identities, can be replaced in some scenarios with ethnic, religious, and affiliations having territorial origin. Moreover, the new identities try to portray self-determination, appreciate group definitions and norms, and bring about ethno territorial mobilization, ethno political issues, fragmenting of the state, and not forgetting regionalism around the globe. Globalization works to enforce these local certainties and relations hips in response to the economic identity created by the world markets in the transnational order (Bew, 1992). Nowadays, research on ethno territorial politics typically examines politics, and not forgetting economic structures, so as to emphasize the competing interests of groups, or tend to utilize a psychoanalytic method to emphasize the aspect of both cultural and psychological

Alan Free

Alan Freed and the Payola Scandal Essay In the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, during a time of shifting cultural identity, many Americans who held conservative views found themselves caught in a socio-cultural predicament. The social dynamic of urban communities had begun to change as more African-Americans moved from the Southern United States into the Northern and Western regions of the country. This diaspora meant better jobs and homes for African-Americans and ultimately translated into more spending power among this portion of the population. While many sectors were positively impacted by this increase in African American spending power, participants of exclusionary practices were destined to suffer. An example of this suffering was evident in the music industry where the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) had monopolized the music licensing industry until the Broadcast Music Incorporation was formed and began to provide affordable music licenses to those musicians previously excluded by ASCAP. This development signaled a â€Å"changing of the guard† and the ASCAP found that the change was ultimately not in their favor (Hood-Ancklewicz 3). The individuals who supported and encouraged the proliferation of this social revolution were labeled responsible for the growing lack of â€Å"social stability† and would be contended with under the guise of a quest for morals and justice. In 1959 the House Subcommittee launched an investigation into the existence of rigging in popular game shows and at the urging of ASCAP expanded that probe into the music industry. Given his nonconformist attitude, unapologetic support of rock n’ roll music, interracial dance parties and â€Å"frenzied† stage shows, Alan Freed became the most popular fatality of the payola scandal. Alan Freed was not the only person guilty of accepting â€Å"payola†, but he was among the most visibly linked to the promulgation of rock n’ roll. Alan Freed has been credited with being the first to popularize the title Rock n’Roll in relation to this particular music genre. Additionally, he was the first to encourage integration by hosting wildly successful interracial Rock n’ Roll stage shows with solely African American performers. Freed also made no attempt to control the pandemonium created by his exhilarating lineup of performers, which generally resulted in teens dancing in the aisles, screaming wildly at performers and storming venues for the opportunity to participate by any means necessary. The â€Å"firsts† associated with Freed helped to solidify his image as the Father of Rock n’ Roll and conversely sealed his fate as the scapegoat of the payola scandal. Mainly targeting radio stations and well known deejays and record executives, including Freed, the â€Å"clean cut† Dick Clark and, others linked to the popularization of rock n’ roll music. The payola investigations made radio executives across the nation nervous. Many of the stations began to enact measures to ensure that they would not be implicated in any wrong doing and as a result began to require that their disc jockeys sign disclosure statements, divest themselves of questionable outside interests and cooperate with investigators as necessary. Those disc jockeys that refused to do so were fired. Many deejays resigned some suggesting that payola was as much a part of the system as any other widely held production practice, while others simply confessed to accepting cash and other gifts in exchange for promoting records. Alan Freed refused to sign documents on the moral grounds that doing so would negatively impact his â€Å"reputation for integrity† as a result Freed was fired from the radio station (Segrave 110). Freed admitted that he had accepted valuable gifts but, he explained â€Å"not in front. If I’ve helped somebody, I’ll accept a nice gift but I wouldn’t take a dime to plug a record. I’d be a fool to; I’d be giving up control of my program† (Segrave 80). The end of the payola scandal dawned with Alan Freed disenfranchised from his livelihood. Freed was forced out of the concert promotion business, blacklisted, arrested, fined three hundred dollars and given a six month suspended sentence and though by modern standards this punishment may seem mild, compared to the punishment of other deejays it was among the most calculating and exacting punishments delivered. While some critics argue that the scandal did not end Freed’s career it is clear that â€Å"justice† was not doled out equally among all offenders (Palmer 136). Dick Clark, who was also investigated, was questioned about outside interests that he held with various publication houses, record presses, talent firms, etc. Clark minimized the number of investments reported to the committee, his employers supported his claims that he had divested those interests. Following the investigation it was learned that the claims of divestment were not only false but that Clark had also deflated the number reported to the subcommittee. Clark was ultimately exonerated and never seemed to be in any real danger of losing his livelihood, while Alan Freed was left destitute (Segrave 110). By many accounts Freed’s success in the music industry was instantaneous and was bolstered by the unwavering support of his interracial teen audience. In 1952 when Freed held the Moondog Coronation Ball an estimated 30,000 teens stormed the venue causing the event to be closed down by the local police department. Soon after this incident Freed took his stage shows on tour and was arrested and charged with inciting a riot after a similar occurrence in Boston. Freed moved from Ohio to New York where his success continue to grow exponentially (Palmer 23). Of note among Freed’s perceived â€Å"shortcomings† was the fact that all of Freed’s performers were African-American and even when â€Å"sanitized† versions of African-American songs were available Freed still preferred and continued to promote the original versions (Palmer 136-139). The image of rock n’ roll (leather jackets and sideburns) upset the sensibilities of larger society and as a result when the investigations into payola, a practice that had existed in various formats for years, became public knowledge and the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight had the support and the fuel necessary to effect change, Alan Freed became target number one. Rock n’ roll was shunned by the more conservative personalities in American society and as a result was blamed for many societal ills. Few expected the genre to last, disgusted by the lack of perceived merit in the rock n’ roll genre, many of the ASCAP members and conservative American public denied its â€Å"staying power†. In her1956 article for the Miami Herald, Phyllis Battelle quotes an unnamed source as saying â€Å"Perhaps the only hopeful thing about rock n’ roll is that it’s so bad. It cannot endure indefinitely† (Batelle 4C+). This sentiment comforted few Americans while others focused on the reasons why rock n’ roll was not a viable music form. Rock n’ roll on the other hand continued to reinvent itself, to influence and morph into different genres. The influence of rock n’ roll is heard clearly in other genres now and has become as intrinsic to the American cultural legacy as payola in the music industry. Though rock n’ roll waned for a short period of time it ultimately was revived by the British invasion which also revived the folk and RB genres (Hood-Anklwicz 4). Ironically the integrationist mentality that was once a part of rock n’ roll music faded in the early sixties undoubtedly influenced by the newly sanitized radio and broadcast environment, the loss of charismatic personalities such as Alan Freed and the stress of the continuously changing cultural dynamic in American society. Fears like those expressed in segregationist propaganda like the American Nationalist went unfounded as rock n’ roll eventually became racially segregated once more. Dick Clark’s clean cut presentation of rock n’ roll minus the tilting pelvises and gyrations, minus the dancing in the aisles and frenzied pandemonium, minus the leather jackets and sideburns was to become the popular music among whites while African American performers performed for largely African-American audiences (Palmer, 146). Many African American performers of the rock n’ roll era have credited Freed with the breaking of social barriers and have recognized his attempt to encourage integration among young Blacks and Whites. Before concluding that Alan Freed was ultimately made the example for being all things rock n’ roll, it is imperative to note that the practice of payola was never absent from the music industry, it â€Å"has never been and is not now illegal†. The 1960 law passed, did not make the practice illegal but made the failure to report payola illegal (Segrave,vii). While the concept of payola presents an ethical flaw in the system it is nonetheless a flaw that is as inherent to the music industry as is manipulation to the industry of politics. The great professor and historian, Lord Acton, is quoted as saying, â€Å"power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. This notion is evident on both ends of the rock n’ roll spectrum on one end Alan Freed was said to â€Å"be drunk with power† (Palmer 23), so much so that he failed to see the danger in overbooking venues, was charged with encouraging riotous behavior among teens and a general failure to realize the detriment that would come to his livelihood if he continued to challenge the prescribed social norms of the 1950’s. On the other end of the spectrum is the American government who continues to support censorship and participate in the creation of scapegoats when suitable to the larger political agenda. Overall, Alan Freed was a trendsetter who was perhaps â€Å"before his time† and thereby was punished accordingly for going against the grain. He lived as the champion of rock n’ roll firsts and died tormented by opportunities unrealized.

Introduction To The Vietnam War History Essay

Introduction To The Vietnam War History Essay The Vietnam War remains today to be one of the most memorable and long-standing conflicts in recent history in which the US involvement has played a huge role. This paper shall discuss and highlight certain points in the course of the development of the Vietnam War, from its beginnings and up to the present-day implications that it has brought about in the political life of the country and the balance of powers in the international community. The researcher has also chosen to include visual images of the devastation and the ramifications of this dispute in order to further underscore the fact that even if the Vietnam War happened more than half a century ago, the effects of this conflict live on today and has in fact brought attention to the consequences of a states intervention in the domestic (especially political) affairs of another. The Vietnam War was, as we shall see throughout this paper, caused not by any one factor that was escalated to the level of an international dispute. The fact of the matter is that the war was caused by a number of factors that have come together to push the issue into the arena of international politics and therefore warrant the attention and subsequent intervention of other states. However, one thing remains clear: the Vietnam War was primarily a consequence of the US anti-Communist foreign policy in the 1960s. This in itself merits scholarly interest in the involvement of the US government in the war, and a look into the real reasons why the US chose to engage itself in the local political conflicts of this country to the extent that it did. Years of bitter guerrilla warfare in the rugged jungles and villages of Vietnam eventually resulted in a North Vietnamese victory and the reunification of Vietnam.   Hundreds of thousands of people, American and Vietnamese alike died in the war, and the country today still struggles to re-establish itself after the damages on its economy, land, and people the war caused. The researcher has employed systematic review methodology for searching online academic journals and electronic databases for relevant literature on the subject as well as graphics and photographs. It is the primary tool for determining how far US involvement in the war went and the different courses of action that it had undertaken to support its advocacy. Systematic review methodology is more typically applied to the primary data on health care technologies such as drugs, devices and surgical interventions (Green and Moehr, 2001, p.315). But there is a growing tendency to apply this kind of review methodology to other topics such as policy-making and social research. The Cochrane Collaboration has taken the lead in this type of application, which consists of a regularly updated collection of evidence-based medicine databases. Systematic review methodology allows the researcher to have a wider look at the question at hand by looking at the various perspectives offered by previous research, and then synthesizing them to come up with a coherent answer as to the what, how, why and so what of the topic. However, care should be made in choosing the right electronic sources that can offer us with the most number of relevant researches, as well as in establishing the key words that will be used exhaustively for turning up previous findings on the topic. For the purpose of this paper, several key words were used to search Google, Questia and other suitable online sources for information on the development of the Vietnam War and the role of the US government in it. The keywords used for the research are US involvement in Vietnam War, development of Vietnam War, US anti-Communist policy in the 1960s and US and Vietnam War. Other formulations of the main research topic yielded the same results and so only these three major key phrases were considered for the review of related literature. Body of the paper This paper shall look into five main points of the war, but these are not by far the only important topics or questions that the conflict has raised for the US, for Vietnam and for the international community at large. Specifically, the researcher shall focus on the following: 1. The reason why the US entered into the Vietnam War 2. The beginning of US intervention in the war 3. The US anti-communist policy in the 1960s 4. The war at home 5. The long term ramifications of the war The US governments role in the war Vietnam was split into two in 1954, as part of the Geneva accords in order to pacify the different stakeholder nations who were nervous to begin another large-scale conflict after Korea (Vassar College, n.d.). It had a communist government in the north and a democratic south which were due to be reunified after a national election was held.   A series of events led up to a full scale war between the two countries which included not only the Vietnamese, but people from America, Australia, and other nations.    The Americans supported the widely unpopular southern regime, and although in the beginning they attempted to keep their involvement limited, they sent millions of soldiers to war in Vietnam to prevent the spread of Communism. The US was unwilling to make any major commitments in the war, but it soon became apparent that the French troops needed help battling an enemy who was willing to willing to absorb tremendous losses in terms of manpower in order to protract the war while waiting for the French to tire (Weist 2003). As Frances ally in the war, the US was in a difficult position in order to protect the interests of France by helping out in its campaign against the Northern guerrillas, but it was not ready to commit itself to something that could potentially become the Third World War. It was a dangerous situation insofar as it was beginning to look like France was not capable of crushing the Communist guerrilla forces (Mintz 2007). The financial support coming from the US was not enough to help the French troops in the war and it looked like something had to be done, which was first started by President Harry Truman in 1950 to help France retain control of its Indochina colonies, covering Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam (Nelson 1999). The US was also very much opposed to the idea of having Vietnam split at the seventeenth parallel to accommodate the different political views governing the separate sides of the country. It was at this point that the US consolidated its hold over the Southern portion of the country and to exercise direct control over the government there, and thus heralded the beginning of actual US involvement in the conflict (Nelson 1999). It put Ngo Dinh Diem at the help of the Southern Vietnamese government, which was supposed to rally support for the anti-Communist sentiment in the country (Vassar College, n.d.). The start of actual US intervention in the war According to Nelson (1999), the US involvement in the Vietnam was vastly different from the others that it had participated in because it had no definitive beginning. The US actually entered the war gradually, from 1950 to 1965. It even experienced transition in the terms of support that it was willing to provide France, starting from mere financial and economic aid to its European ally and moving towards actual military occupation and engagement with the guerrilla forces there. In a little less than ten years, the US had given France $2.6 billion for recovery and rehabilitation of its Indochina colony, but it was scarcely enough to cover the escalating costs of the war and the losses in manpower that the French experienced (Mintz 2007). The losses for the Northern government and for the people of Vietnam are by far greater because of the sustained military offensive against the South and the subsequent participation of the US. It must be noted here that the US did not even give a formal declaration of war against Vietnam, it just started sending out troops to the Southern portion of the country, beginning with 2,000 soldiers deployed by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 (Nelson 1999). Jones (2003) noted that the intensification of the Cold War only prompted Kennedy to put the Vietnam situation higher up on his list and employ more stringent counterinsurgency efforts against the guerrillas. It was President Lyndon Johnson who, after serving the unexpired term of the assassinated John F. Kennedy and being elected to the presidency in 1965, brought the country to war. Under his administration, the number of American troops deployed in Vietnam increased and became more involved in supervising the Southern governments movements against the guerrillas (Pike 2005). The total number of Americans soldiers sent to serve in Vietnam was 2.7 million, and the costs of the war amounted to more than $140 million. This is probably the most expensive war that America has ever seen, and the reasons for its participation in the first place still remain suspect. There are a lot of doubts as to the veracity of the claims and beliefs made by the US government in terms of protecting the interests of the free world. The US anti-Communist policy in the 1960s The different presidents who oversaw the US military campaign in Vietnam all had one thing in common-they considered the northern faction in the country to be agents of global communism and therefore an opponent in terms of aspiring for the very opposite of all that America holds dear (Nelson 1999). US policymakers were of the opinion that Communists were opposed to human rights, democracy, and free trade especially to capitalist countries. They thought that communism as a contagious disease in the sense that once it took hold on a nation, neighboring states can easily become infiltrated with the Communist ideals and turn into such a state as well. For this reason, America joined the fray and waged its war against what it perceived to be the growth of Communism in Asia by fending off the Communist movement in northern Vietnam. It created some sort of puppet military government that was under its direct supervision and control. As already stated, the overarching geopolitical goal of the US in its act of participating directly in the Vietnam dispute was its conviction that the spread of communism must be stopped. However, the real commitment to holding back Communism was soon forgotten (Nelson 1999) as US administration after administration realized that the war might simply never end for the reason that their enemy troops are not getting any smaller or easier to fight. The guerrillas were good at employing tactics aimed at confounding American soldiers who were more efficient at face-to-face combat. Moreover, the Northern Vietnamese forces received tremendous support from the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China that enabled them to carry out the offensive for as long as they did (Pike 2005). At the same time, serious doubts as to the authenticity of the US governments reasons for intervening in the war also became apparent. Yet presidents were afraid to pull out from the war and admit to the faults of his predecessor, knowing that such an act would create a huge political backlash in the home country (Nelson 1999). First of all, even though the US governments first step into the war was only financial and economic in nature, it still belied the that they were staunch believers of the idea that the problem in Vietnam was largely military in nature, and not economic or political. Secondly, to put it bluntly, the US government was already in too deep in the Vietnam conflict that any sign of wavering belief in the campaign could easily be read as admitting to defeat. This was unacceptable to the administrations that waged open war against the Northern Vietnamese forces, so the offensives dragged on for years and years. The strong anti-Communist sentiment of the US may have been the first to trigger its adversarial reaction to the spread of communism in Vietnam but it was certainly not the only thing that made the war last for far longer than it should have. The war at home Even as the US administration was facing serious difficulties that were compromising its military campaign in Vietnam, it was also faced with real domestic challenges, particularly the increasing opposition from the American public with regards to continuing the war. One of the most deeply-felt consequences of the war was that it was siphoning off taxpayers dollars to a conflict that seemed impossible to win. The 1966 local and state elections in the US showed just how much public dissent has gathered around the issue of the wars costs on the national treasury (Pike 2005), even as the government was claiming that its troops were gaining against the enemy in Vietnam. Johnson wanted an all-out war that will not be felt across the Pacific Ocean and will not be felt in the everyday life of the Americans (Vassar College, n.d.). Unfortunately, this goal was never met because the repercussions of the war were widely felt even in the homeland. For example, during the start of the war, the American army had very little or no manpower problems at all and was able to send troops to Vietnam regularly. However, as faith in the military campaign waned, the number of volunteers decreased dramatically until the administration instituted a draft for the war. As more and more soldiers died, more and more Americans felt that it was wrong to continue sending people to what was becoming a hopeless and no-win situation in a distant country. Nelson (1999) noted that the movement attracted different factions from across the country-college campuses, labor unions, middle-class suburbs and government institutions all erupted in anti-war protests as the war continued on. Defense of civil rights also became an issue towards which Americans gravitated, and they were concerned not only for their fellow citizens who were getting injured and dying abroad, but also for the Vietnamese who were suffering intensely from all the conflict being waged in their land. The war ended in 1973 when President Richard Nixon announced the withdrawal of US troops because of the popular sentiment against it and the unsustainability of the war effort. The ramifications of the war As we have already seen, the Vietnam War is the longest time that the US has been involved in hostile action. It is also a highly debated topic because people continue to question the propriety of entering into a war that is being waged by an ally and the wisdom of Americas taking it upon herself to become the number one defender of democracy. It must be recalled that the war was not really Americas problem, but Frances. It only entered the picture when France began to falter and America feared that what was happening in Vietnam would spread to other Southeast Asian countries. The war cost so much in terms of human casualty, damage to infrastructure and economic loss to both sides that the general idea is that no one really won when the war was over. The losses sustained by the Vietnamese forces and the US troops cannot be fully appreciated in pecuniary terms, because the war also did damage to the national spirit of each country. Moreover, the subsequent reunification of Vietnam under the communist regime seemed to defeat the very purpose for which the US had entered into the war. From an economic standpoint, the war brought about a mean cycle of inflation because of Johnsons unwillingness to impose taxes to pay for the costs of the military campaigns (Mintz 2007). It was also thought that the military did a little inflation management on its own by increasing the actual number of enemy casualties to show that the war effort was getting better and better, when in fact the guerrilla numbers were not as badly hurt as the American troops during the latter part of the conflict. The war also created grave political consequences for America. The public began to suspect the honesty and integrity of incumbent officials because of their prior experience with the manufactured war statistics and reports on the Vietnam situation. This slow dissolution of faith likewise weakened Americas image of herself as a world superpower. If the countrys well-trained, well-supplied and well-compensated military could not defeat a ragtag group of guerrilla fighters not even trained in military tactics, what could it do? This doubt in American supremacy was carried over as the US tried to intervene militarily in other international conflicts such as the Iraq war. Conclusion This paper has traced the development of the Vietnam War, beginning from the socio-political context from which it emerged and the subsequent involvement of the US government in the effort to prevent the spread of communism. While the actions of the US troops may be seen as noble and warranted by the situation, the fact that the war cost so much in terms of lives and money makes any semblance of victory in it seem insignificant. There is indeed no true winner in this war because of the incredible losses that each side had sustained over a decades worth of fighting. America withdrew its troops and ended the war of its own accord when the public furor against the Vietnam War escalated to such a degree as to make continued military campaigns futile. The Paris Peace Accord also gave Vietnam a new lease on its own political life, but it cannot erase the destruction and suffering that the war had brought upon the people and the land. It was a fight that could have been shortened and made less dangerous if only each side was able to negotiate matters peacefully instead of launching military attacks against each other as the primary course of action.

The Zombie Horror Genre Film Studies Essay

The Zombie Horror Genre Film Studies Essay -The zombie horror Genre is the theme and genre that will be analyzed to understand the detailed examination of a recurring pattern between these types of movies. There will be many examples of the films from this genre to support my arguments. The literary influences on the genre such as Richard Matheson helped to usher in a new type of monster that was caused by humans through contamination. George A. Romeo built upon this idea to give us more and different types of ideas. The variations and changes within the genre over the years has been one that consisted of far off set and poorly constructed monsters. The impact of particular individuals on the genre such as George A. Romeo has lead to a completely different kind of movie. The importance of social and economic forces on the genre has influenced a resurrection of the horror zombie genre. The world in horror films is inclined to end with alarm not quietly but the type of alarm depends on the film. The main prevailing manner of ma ss annihilation in horror movies is reason they are so interesting. Each film will divulge something fascinating about our society and the uncertainties and fears that we all share. An exceptional zombie movie will make you sympathize with the characters and build on the plot to allow for a real deep developed film. Zombie movies pick out are darkest fears and put them into film to scare us whether it may add political undertones. These movies depict the world being completely empty from the evil undead monsters because they have destroyed social order. Zombie movies need a strong lead character that is willing to fight for all the members of the team and for the less fortunate that are in need. These films tend to have dark scenes and lighting setting the mood for fear and adrenaline to scare the audience. They have poorly lit at night in a familiar location where help is not available or never seems to come. There are terrible hidden secret that tends to be overly shocking. They tend to have a tragic hero that never wanted to be that is searching for their own family members. The monsters or villains never truly die and can always be brought back or explained why they never truly died. Cliffhangers are a main theme of horror movies as it can always be left open to the idea of a sequel The older zombie movies depicted viral pathogens. An immense global epidemic state of affairs became progressively more popular in the 1970s. As greater than before sexual freedom, elevated the distress of infectious ailments such as sexually transmitted diseases. By the turn of the 21st century, the increases of notable illness like swine flu, AIDS, SARS and the Ebola virus. This allowed these sort of end of the world movies to be a popular subject of horror films. Zombie movies have changed from the early days of the original zombie films. These modern zombie flicks bring a completely new dimension. Back in the day, either a chemical spill or voodoo curse that could cause the dead to rise. The Night of the Living Dead zombie movie was a revolutionary interweave into this film. This may have been the start of a new type of zombie film. George Romeros Night of the Living Dead reinvented zombie tradition in 1968. The zombie apocalypse of the past the graphic violence was able to repro duce the amplified glumness of the Vietnam War period. In the modern times, the zombie apocalypse has had a resurrection, prompted by worries of terrorism, disease, and global flux, which is basically a division of the viral infection. The zombie contagion in which a pathogen triggers the dead to rise has undertaken an existence of its own regard since then. The Last Man on Earth (1964), The Plague of the Zombies (1966), Night of the Living Dead (1968), The Omega Man (1971), The Crazies (1973), Rabid (1977), Dawn of the Dead (1978), Burial Ground: Nights of Terror (1981), Day of the Dead (1985), Dead Alive (1992), 28 Days Later (2002), Shaun of the Dead (2004), Angry and Moist: An Undead Chronicle (2004), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Land of the Dead (2005), 28 Weeks Later (2007), Planet Terror (2007), I Am Legend (2007), Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), Mulberry Street (2007), Day of the Dead (2008), Doomsday (2008), Diary of the Dead (2008), The Signal (2008), Zombieland (2009), Carr iers (2009), Pontypool (2009) and The Crazies (2010). The movie and all its successors initiate the zombie film to generate numerous copycats that used the fundamentals establishment by George A. Romero. Some of these such movies are: Tombs of the Blind Dead (1971), Zombie (1979), Hell of the Living Dead (1980), Night of the Comet (1984), Return of the Living Dead (1985), Night of the Creeps (1986), Children of the Living Dead (2001), House of the Dead (2003).. The video game series Resident Evil that was eventually made into films in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2010 and the video games series Dead Rising (2006). Night of the Living Dead is spoofed in movies such as Night of the Living Bread (1990) or Shaun of the Dead (2004). Some of the television shows are that have used the idea are Buffy the Vampire Slayer, South Park, Pink Eye (1997), Halloween Spectacular of Spooky Doom (2001) and FBI Warning of Doom (2002). There are also others such as Night of the Living Homeless (2007), Medium; Bite Me (2009), The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror III (1 992), XIII (2004) and XX (2009). Operation Doom (2010) George A. Romeros movie Night of the Living Dead leads in the splatter film sub-genre. Prior to this film horror had frequently portrayed people in bad costumes, rubber masks, cardboard arrays or shadowy figures that creep around mysteriously. They were set in locations distant from suburban and rural America. Romero exposed the influence behind utilization and setting horror in common and normal locations. This offered a model for creating a successful and profitable film on a very small development budget. The slasher movies of the 1970s and 1980s to name a few notable ones such as John Carpenters Halloween (1978), Sean S. Cunninghams Friday the 13th (1980), and Wes Cravens A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984). All of these movies are indebted to the original concepts Night of the Living Dead, which they later used to inspire them in their own films. Each of these films was successful in their own right and adds something new to the horror genre. This movie I Am Legend (2007) is not a zombie movie but it does fit into the idea that a plague has changed the human population and destroyed it. I Am Legend (2007) is a remake of the original The Omega Man. It is from the genre of the drama, horror, sci-fi and thriller. A year after an infection destroys nearly all of humanity and changes the rest into monsters. The sole survivor in New York City strives boldly to find a cure. Richard Mathesons literary novel did influence many movies such as The Last Man on Earth written in 1964, Night of the Living Dead (1967), The Omega Man in 1971 and I Am Omega (2007. The movie Night of the Living Dead (1967) spurred the genre in a new direction for many years to come. Robert Neville was an ordinary person who was caught up in extraordinary circumstances. Neville is a scientist who was powerless to prevent the spread of the horrifying virus that was untreatable and fabricated by man. Neville is resistant and now the final human being survivor in what remains of New York City and possibly the whole world. Neville has dependably transmitted daily radio messages for three years. He is burdened to locate any other survivors who may be out there. Nonetheless, he is never truly alone because altered victims of the infection the contaminated skulk in the darkness watching his every move. They are waiting for him to make a critical error in judgment. He has hope to able to save humankind but he knows that time is running out. Neville wants to discover a technique to undo the problems of the virus using his own blood, which is immune. This is his one mission that drives him to keep going each day. Dawn of the Dead (2004) is an action, drama, horror and is a remake of the original movie Dawn of the Dead (1978). It was George A. Romero who was able to transform and modernize the zombie horror film genre by means of producing Night of the Living Dead this movie represented a new dawn in horror filmmaking. The film has also successfully been able to distinguish the use of the expression zombie. This is one example of the serene beginning to a zombie horror film that extra long. The sky view is the picture of perfect serenity. It all creates a more tragic scene when quite surprisingly, morning comes all too excessively soon. With morning, all that is rational ceases to exist. The pure pandemonium of the circumstances of an epidemic of a deadly virus that turns those infected into the undead. It comes so abruptly that it clutches the viewer from beginning to end. A nurse, a police officer, a young married couple, a sales representative and many other survivors of a worldwide afflict ion band together to fight for their lives. The affliction is producing aggressive, flesh-eating zombies and the survivors procure shelter in a shopping mall. This is a nightmare of a horror movie, which contains real horror thrills. The survivors protected at the abandoned local mall. People not being content to fight just an outside force must also be fighting with each other. The infection begins slithering increasingly close to bring them all to the threshold of extermination. The zombies are extremely quick and a lone bite from them leads to bleak fate of mindlessness and but solitary gunshot to the head prevents them. 28 Days later (2002) is of the genre horror, sci-fi, and thriller. This movie is about a rage virus that forces the contaminated crazy person to be hungry for blood and filled with extreme rage. Within 28 days or four weeks after the mysterious outbreak, that takes place in London. A few remaining survivors attempt to locate a sanctuary, while the incurable virus spreads throughout the United Kingdom. The entire population is either dead or evacuated leaving behind bloodthirsty contaminated inhabitants and a few of the solitary unaffected individuals. Civilization has come to a standstill; the inhuman suffererà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s frequent attacks devastate the social order, while those limited survivorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s battle for continued existence. Danny Boyleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 28 Days Later is a classic among a multitude of zombie and biohazard movies. This movie contains within it that there is always a tinge of sadness, emptiness, helplessness. A prime example is the empty Lon don scene with that background music. This films utmost accomplishment is to allow the audience to remain unbiased all the way through the movie. This is exclusive of picking either side this is because the virus is simply used as a metaphor. Dead and undead both can be sympathized with since neither truly wants to be in either predicament. Rage is depicted as a serious social disease. That idea allows the film to a much more serious one and not just another zombie movie. It is a movie with a message to the audience to wake up and look around them at the social disorder that is already occurring every day. Resident Evil (2002) movie the film adaptation based on a video game. The genre is action adventure horror. It became a successful franchise video game series Resident Evil that was eventually made into films in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2010. Paul W. S. Anderson was the director of this particular movie but with each movie, the director changed. This may have helped keep the movies fresh and inspired. A special military division battles an authoritative, unmanageable supercomputer that has engineered a virus. After a laboratory accident, many scientists have mutated into zombies. It has turned most of the scientists and employees of the facility into rampaging flesh eating zombies. Much gunfire, combating, explosions aid in developing the mysterious cliffhanger ending that leaves things extensive unwrapped for another sequel. Up until this point, the zombie movie theme seemed to be much outdated. They were still making them throughout the 1990s but we they were not as popular as films li ke that George A. Romero did. Nothing was particularly innovative or exhilarating was being made with the zombie concept. The one place where it was really doing well was in the world of gaming such as Resident Evil. Even when a film is in production, very few movies based on these games stick to the intended story line. Resident Evil brought resurgence to the zombie movie subgenera and was hot again. More and more zombie movies were being made and Most zombie films start with the picture of perfect serenity to allow the viewers to get comfortable before the mayhem begins. The viewers are allowed to learn a little bit about the character and get to like them. Once you begin to like the character then they are eradicating in a gruesome way and the viewer feels for them. They feel like they personally have gotten to know some of their journey and feels for them. Fans of zombie movies may be a smidgen dissatisfied when a movie takes a while for the zombies to show up and start their mayhem. These types of movies are trying to establish a plot and story line. Most films are by-product of other action, science fiction and zombie films. Another type of opening scene that is popular is the sudden and fearful jolt of a tense and terrifying opening sequence. A film that moves at a brisk pace that uses slow motion so the viewer can catch important scenes. Fan are much more interested in these types of scenarios but they do leave little t o the imagination of what the movie is really about. Most of these movies do have a satisfying conclusion are the only real problem areas in the horror movie genre. This is to be expected in the genre as not all the questions can ever be answered and some mystery must be left for sequels if they are to follow. Being that they are horror movies characters no matter how much you like them, they must die in order to continue with the story line. In zombie films the characters are picked off one by one People must work together to survive in a horror film and if they do not overcome their differences and band together they will survive until the end. The characters come from all occupations to learn to get along collectively. Almost immediately more survivors arrive and they discover that if they wish to remain alive, they should bond together as the army of undead overruns the world. The genre is every changing and having new life breathed into it as new film makers finish school and are inspired to change the old into something new and f resh.

The Weak Theory of Evolution Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Argumen

The Weak Theory of Evolution One of the most contested issues in the creation/evolution debate is the origin of the eye. Creationists see the eye as the pinnacle of complex design; evolutionists see the eye as the accumulation of small mutations preserved by natural selection. Charles Darwin started the controversy with an argument that is widely quoted by both sides: To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree. When it was first said that the sun stood still and the world turned round, the common sense of mankind declared the doctrine false; but the old saying of Vox populi, vox Dei, as every philosopher knows, cannot be trusted in science. Reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist, each grade being useful to its possessor, as is certainly the case; if further, the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited, as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be considered as subversive of the theory.[1] Not surprisingly, cre... ...empt to impute the difficulty of imagining evolutionary pathways to the critic. The only difference is that Dawkins' version is more aggressively ad hominem. However, the fault does not lie in the critic but in the Continuum Argument. It is not the critic's job to imagine evolutionary pathways; it is the believer's job to demonstrate them without resorting to just-so stories. The philosopher David Hume once argued that we can imagine rabbits coming into existence out of nowhere, and he concluded from this that there is nothing contradictory in the notion that something can come from nothing. Now we certainly can form a mental image of rabbits coming from nowhere, as we can for the transformation of a lensless eye to a lensed eye or a steam engine to a warp engine, but we are not obliged to accept a necessary connection between our mental images and external reality.

The Deep End Of The Ocean :: essays research papers

The Deep End of the Ocean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the film The Deep End of the Ocean, we can apply some concepts discussed in the Interpersonal Communication curse. The film emphasis a communication problem into a family after the Ben’s abduction. Ben was the middle child of Beth and Pat. The older son was Vincent, who had an important role in the drama, and Kerry was the smaller. The abduction took place during Beth’s class reunion. After nine years, Beth found him, he was leaving very close to the real family. Ben and his false father never knew that he was abducted because they were betrayed by the woman who took him at the class reunion. The problem was that Ben wants to stay leaving with the man who take care of him. At the end of the film Ben understood that his place was with the Cappadora’s family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the movie we are able to see how painful it was to the Cappadora family to deal with the lost of a member. I say that the film emphasis a communication problem because after the tragedy, Beth never was the same. She was not communicating with anyone and there we see a miscommunication problem explained in the class. The affected with this situation was Vincent, who felt abandon because her mom never communicate to him and in a certain way she never paid attention to him thinking about Ben all the time. Pat, her husband, also paid the consequence of the miscommunication problem and in different ways he try to help Beth communicate better and to get over the emotional crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are able to see the transition Beth had. After the tragedy she was impossible to talk with but at the end she change with everyone help and also by herself. She understood that caring about the lost child she abandons the one that was always with her. She recognizes that the better way to begin a new better communication with Vincent was begging him the pardon. Even thou the lost of the child were the main conflict of the movie, to me the most important thing is the reaction or the way all the family members confront it. Sometimes with this kind of problems we close ourselves to other people and that’s not the better way to get over it. With this kind of attitude we hurt or even lose more people.